?????????

?????????????????????????? (??????????????????????????) ??????????????????????????????? 1936 ??????????????? 78 ?????????? ???????????????????

?????????????????????????? ????? ???????????

????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

?????????/????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? (????) ????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? 4 ???????????????????????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? 5 ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ^[1] ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????

??????????????? 10-12 ???? ???? 78 ???/???? ????????????????????????????????? 3-5 ???? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ???????? (????????????????? ???????????????,???,?????? ???), ?????????, ?????????, ??????, ????????, ???????, ???????, ??????????, ????????????, ??????? (???????), ??????? (????????????????), ???????, ??????, ?????????? , ????? , ??????, ???????, ?????????, ???????, ???, ???, ??????, ???? (??? ), ??????, ??????, ??????????, ?????????? ?????????????????????? ???? ??????????? (???????) ??????????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???

?????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? (Dum Dum India) ?????????????????????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????? (???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????) ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?.?. 2491 ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????/??????????????? (Long played record /album) ?????????? ?????????????? (Vinyl) ^[2] ??????? ??????? ^[3] ????????????????????????? (Carbide) ^[4] ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? 12 ???? ???? 33 ??????/???? ??????????????????? 20 ??????? (??? 6-7 ????/????)

?? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2535 ??????????????????????? (Cassette Tape) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? 2550 ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????

??????????? [ ??? ]

?? ?.?. 2492 ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????????? 7 ???? ???? 45 ???/???? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? 2 ???? ??????????? ??????????? (Single) ?????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????? 30 ?? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?? ????????

??????????????????? ?????? ????????, ?????????, ??????, ???????, ???????, ??????????, ???????, ???????, ??????, ?????????? , ?????, ????? (?????????), ?????? (??????????????), ?????????? (???????), ????????? , ???????? , ?????????? (???????), ??????? , ???????? ??? ???????????????????????????? ????? ??. ??????????????????? ???? ??????????, ????????????? ??? ???? 4 (??????? ???? 4 ) ???????

????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????? 12 ???? ????????????????? 10 ???? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ ???????????????????????????, ???????? ???.3, ?.??????????
↑ Gramophone Record ,Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia
↑ Cambridge's Learner Dictionary ,Cambridge University Press ,P.707
↑ ?? ??????? ,Modern Thai English Dictionary ,????????????? ???? 60

???????????????? [ ??? ]

From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph by Oliver Read and Walter L. Welch
The Fabulous Phonograph by Roland Gelatt, published by Cassell & Company, 1954 rev. 1977 ISBN 0-304-29904-9
Where Have All the Good Times Gone?: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry Louis Barfe.
Pressing the LP Record by Ellingham, Niel, published at 1 Bruach Lane, PH16 5DG, Scotland.
Sound Recordings by Peter Copeland published 1991 by the British Library ISBN 0-7123-0225-5 .
Vinyl: A History of the Analogue Record by Richard Osborne. Ashgate, 2012. ISB 978-1-4094-4027-7.
"A Record Changer and Record of Complementary Design" ???????? 2011-11-22 ??? ?????????????? by B. H. Carson, A. D. Burt, and H. I. Reiskind, RCA Review , June 1949
"Recording Technology History: notes revised July 6, 2005, by Steven Schoenherr" , San Diego University (archived 2010)

??????????????? [ ??? ]

The manufacturing and production of shellac records . Educational video, 1942.
Reproduction of 78 rpm records ???????? 2015-06-18 ??? ?????????????? including equalization data for different makes of 78s and LPs.

[1] ???????????????????????????, ???????? ???.3, ?.??????????

[2] Gramophone Record ,Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia

[3] Cambridge's Learner Dictionary ,Cambridge University Press ,P.707

[4] ?? ??????? ,Modern Thai English Dictionary ,????????????? ???? 60

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]