한국   대만   중국   일본 
??????????? ????????? - ?????????? ?????????????

??????????? ?????????

????????????? ?????????????
(????????????? ???????????? ??????????? )
????? ?????????
????????????? ?.?. 2015
?????????????????????? ????? 62
???????????
1 ??????? ?.?. 2015 ? 30 ????????? ?.?. 2020
???????? ??? ??????
????? ???????? ????
???????????????
????
??????????? ?????????

?.?. 1952 (???? 71?72 ??)
????????? ????????? (?????????????? ??????????? ) ?????????????
???????
  • ?????????????
  • ?????
??????? ???? ??????????? (???? 1975) [1]
???? 1 [1]
???????????? ?????????????
???????? www2 .mrc-lmb .cam .ac .uk /group-leaders /n-to-s /venki-ramakrishnan
???????? Convent of Jesus and Mary Baroda
?????????
??????????????
??????
???????????????????
????
??????????????
??????????? The Green Function Theory of the Ferroelectric Phase Transition in Potassium Dihydrogen-Phosphate   (1976)
???????????????????????????????? Tomoyasu Tanaka [1] [7]
????????????

??????????? ????????? ( ?????? : Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ; ???? : ???????????? ???????????? ; ????? : ????????? ????????? ; ???? ?.?. 1952) ???? ????? ????????? ( ?????? : Venki Ramakrishnan ) ????????????????? ????????????? ? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????? ?? ?.?. 2009 ??????? ????? ??. ????? ??? ???? ????? "???????????????????????????????????? ??????? " [4] [8] [9] [10]

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?? ????????????????????????? ??????? ?.?. 1995 ???????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] ????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?.?. 2015 ????? ?.?. 2020 [16]

??????????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? [17] ??????????? ??. ??. ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????? ??. ??. ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? [1] [18] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??. ???? [1]

???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?? ?.?. 1959 [19] ??????????????? 18 ????? ??????????????????????????? ??????? ??. ????? [1] ???????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? [20] ????????????? ?????????????????????????? [21]

???????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????? Convent of Jesus and Mary ??????????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ?.?. 1960 ??? 1961 ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?.?. 1971 [9] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? [1]

??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?? ?.?. 1976 ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????????????????????? (KDP) [22] ???????????????????????????? ?????? [7] [23] [24] ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [25]

???????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????????? [9] ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 50 ??????????????????????? [26] [27] ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1983 ??? ?.?. 1995 ??? ??????????????????????????????? [6] ?? ?.?. 1995 ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?.?. 1999 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?.?. 1991 ??? 1992 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1999 ????????????????????????????????????? 30S ????? 5.5 ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 30S ?????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????????????? ????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?? ?.?. 2007 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2013 [28] [29] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??? ????????

????? ?.?. 2019 ??????????????????????????????????????? (????????? ????????????? [30] ) ???????? ??????? [31] [32] [33] ???????? [34] [35] ??? ????? [36] [37] [38]

????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2015 ??? 2020 ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??? ????????????????????-19 [39] ?????????????? ?.?. 2018 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? "?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????" ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????????????????????????? [40]

?????????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????? "????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????" [41]

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2009

??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?? ?.?. 2002 [42] ?????????????? ???????? ?? ?.?. 2003 [43] ????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?? ?.?. 2004 ??????? ?.?. 2007 ????????????????? ?????????-?????? ???????????? [5] ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????????????????? ????? ?.?. 2008 ??????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?.?. 2010 ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? [44] ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????? [45] ?? ?.?. 2020 ???????????????????????? ???????????????????? [46] ????????????????? ???????????? [47]

????????????????? ??????????????????? ?? ?.?. 2009 ??????? ????? ??. ????? ??? ???? ????? [48] ??????????????????????????? ??????????? ?? ?.?. 2010 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? [49] ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2012 ??????????????????? ??????????????? [3] ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? "?????" [50] ???????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????? ?.?. 2014 ????????? ?????????????-????? ???????? 46 ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?.?. 2017 ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? [51] ????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2013 ????????????????????????????????? 25 ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? "?????" ???????????? " FRS " ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:

Ramakrishnan is internationally recognised for determination of the atomic structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Earlier he mapped the arrangement of proteins in the 30S subunit by neutron diffraction and solved X-ray structures of individual components and their RNA complexes. Fundamental insights came from his crystallographic studies of the complete 30S subunit. The atomic model included over 1500 bases of RNA and 20 associated proteins. The RNA interactions representing the P-site tRNA and the mRNA binding site were identified and the likely modes of action of many clinically important antibiotics determined. His most recent work goes to the heart of the decoding mechanism showing the 30S subunit complexed with poly-U mRNA and the stem-loop of the cognate phenylalanine tRNA. Anti-codon recognition leaves the " wobble" base free to accommodate certain non-Watson/Crick basepairs , thus providing an atomic description of both codon:anti-codon recognition and "wobble". He has also made substantial contributions to understanding how chromatin is organised, particularly the structure of linker histones and their role in higher order folding . [52]

???????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1975 [1] ????? ????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ????? ?????????? [53]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 "Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ? Biography: From Chidambaram to Cambridge: A Life in Science" . nobelprize.org . Stockholm. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2015-04-18.
  2. ↑ Anon (2015). Ramakrishnan, Sir Venkatraman . ukwhoswho.com . Who's Who (online Oxford University Press  ed.). A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc. doi : 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U45543 . Closed access
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "No. 60009" . The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2011. p. 1.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "2009 Chemistry Nobel Laureates" . Nobel Foundation. 2009 . ??????????? 2009-10-14 .
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Louis-Jeantet Prize
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cerf, Corinne; Lippens, Guy; Muyldermans, Serge; Segers, Alain; Ramakrishnan, V.; Wodak, Shoshana J.; Hallenga, Klaas; Wyns, Lode (1993). "Homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR". Biochemistry . 32 (42): 11345?11351. doi : 10.1021/bi00093a011 . PMID   8218199 .
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman; Tanaka, Tomoyasu (1977). "Green's-function theory of the ferroelectric phase transition in potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP)". Physical Review B . 16 (1): 422?426. Bibcode : 1977PhRvB..16..422R . doi : 10.1103/physrevb.16.422 .
  8. ↑ Rodnina, Marina V.; Wintermeyer, Wolfgang (2010). "The ribosome goes Nobel" . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 35 (1): 1?5. doi : 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.11.003 . PMID   19962317 .
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" . University of Cambridge. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2015-04-19.
  10. ↑ Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Audio Interview Official Nobel Foundation website telephone interview
  11. ↑ Nair, Prashant (2011). "Profile of Venkatraman Ramakrishnan" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 108 (38): 15676?15678. Bibcode : 2011PNAS..10815676N . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1113044108 . PMC   3179092 . PMID   21914843 . สิ่งพิมพ์เผยแพร่เข้าถึงแบบเปิด อ่านได้โดยไม่เสียค่าใช้จ่าย
  12. ↑ "Biologist Venki Ramakrishnan to lead Royal Society" . BBC News . London. 2015-03-18. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2015-10-10.
  13. ↑ James, Nathan Rhys (2017). Structural insights into noncanonical mechanisms of translation . cam.ac.uk (??????????? PhD). University of Cambridge. doi : 10.17863/CAM.13713 . OCLC   1064932062 . [[ EThOS ]]  uk.bl.ethos.725540 . Free to read
  14. ↑ Venki Ramakrishnan ?????????????? Edit this at Wikidata
  15. ↑ Ramakrishnan, Venki (2018). Gene machine. The race to decipher the secrets of the ribosome . London: Oneworld. ISBN   9781786074362 . OCLC   1080631601 . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2019-03-27 . ??????????? 2022-11-05 .
  16. ↑ Peplow, M. (2015). "Structural biologist named president of UK Royal Society". Nature . doi : 10.1038/nature.2015.17153 . S2CID   112623895 .
  17. ↑ "Common root: Tamil Nadu gets its third laureate" . Times of India . TNN. 8 October 2009.
  18. ↑ Ramakrishnan, C. V.; Banerjee, B. N. (1951). "Mould Lipase: Effect of Addition of Vitamins and Sterol to the Cake Medium on the Growth and the Activity of the Lipolytic Mould". Nature . 168 (4282): 917?918. Bibcode : 1951Natur.168..917R . doi : 10.1038/168917a0 . PMID   14899529 . S2CID   4244697 .
  19. ↑ Ramakrishnan, Rajalakshmi (1959). Comparative Effects of Successive and Simultaneous Presentation on Transfer in Verbal Learning (??????????? PhD). McGill University. ProQuest   301865011 .
  20. ↑ "Lalita Ramakrishnan Home page in Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2019-12-08 . ??????????? 2022-11-05 .
  21. ↑ "Lalita Ramakrishnan elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences" . University of Cambridge . ??????????? 30 January 2016 .
  22. ↑ Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman (1976). The Green function theory of the ferroelectric phase transition in KDP (??????????? PhD). Ohio University. OCLC   3079828 . ProQuest   302809453 .
  23. ↑ "Venkatraman Ramakrishnan: a profile" . Times of India . 2009-10-07 . ??????????? 2009-10-07 .
  24. ↑ "Factbox: Nobel chemistry prize ? Who are the winners?" . Reuters . 2009-10-07 . ??????????? 2009-10-07 .
  25. ↑ "Profile: Dr Venkatraman Ramakrishnan" . Indian Express . 7 October 2009 . ??????????? 2009-10-07 .
  26. ↑ "Nobel laureate Venkat Ramakrishnan failed IIT, medical entrance tests" . The Times Of India . 2010-01-05.
  27. ↑ "Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D. Biography and Interview" . www.achievement.org . American Academy of Achievement .
  28. ↑ Fernandez, Israel S.; Bai, Xiao-Chen; Hussain, Tanweer; Kelley, Ann C.; Lorsch, Jon R.; Ramakrishnan, V.; Scheres, Sjors H. W. (2013-11-15). "Molecular architecture of a eukaryotic translational initiation complex" . Science . 342 (6160): 1240585. doi : 10.1126/science.1240585 . ISSN   1095-9203 . PMC   3836175 . PMID   24200810 .
  29. ↑ Amunts, Alexey; Brown, Alan; Bai, Xiao-Chen; Llacer, Jose L.; Hussain, Tanweer; Emsley, Paul; Long, Fei; Murshudov, Garib; Scheres, Sjors H. W. (2014-03-28). "Structure of the yeast mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit" . Science . 343 (6178): 1485?1489. Bibcode : 2014Sci...343.1485A . doi : 10.1126/science.1249410 . ISSN   1095-9203 . PMC   4046073 . PMID   24675956 .
  30. ↑ ????????????????????? Venki Ramakrishnan ?? ?????? ???????
  31. ↑ Ramakrishnan, V.; Wimberly, Brian T.; Brodersen, Ditlev E.; Clemons, William M.; Morgan-Warren, Robert J.; Carter, Andrew P.; Vonrhein, Clemens; Hartsch, Thomas (2000). "Structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit". Nature . 407 (6802): 327?339. Bibcode : 2000Natur.407..327W . doi : 10.1038/35030006 . PMID   11014182 . S2CID   4419944 .
  32. ↑ Ramakrishnan, V.; Carter, Andrew P.; Clemons, William M.; Brodersen, Ditlev E.; Morgan-Warren, Robert J.; Wimberly, Brian T. (2000). "Functional insights from the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its interactions with antibiotics". Nature . 407 (6802): 340?348. Bibcode : 2000Natur.407..340C . doi : 10.1038/35030019 . PMID   11014183 . S2CID   4408938 .
  33. ↑ Ramakrishnan, V.; Finch, J. T.; Graziano, V.; Lee, P. L.; Sweet, R. M. (1993). "Crystal structure of globular domain of histone H5 and its implications for nucleosome binding". Nature . 362 (6417): 219?223. Bibcode : 1993Natur.362..219R . doi : 10.1038/362219a0 . PMID   8384699 . S2CID   4301198 .
  34. ↑ Selmer, M. (2006). "Structure of the 70S Ribosome Complexed with mRNA and tRNA". Science . 313 (5795): 1935?1942. Bibcode : 2006Sci...313.1935S . doi : 10.1126/science.1131127 . PMID   16959973 . S2CID   9737925 .
  35. ↑ Ogle, J. M. (2001). "Recognition of Cognate Transfer RNA by the 30S Ribosomal Subunit". Science . 292 (5518): 897?902. Bibcode : 2001Sci...292..897O . doi : 10.1126/science.1060612 . PMID   11340196 . S2CID   10743202 .
  36. ↑ Ramakrishnan, V. (2002). "Ribosome Structure and the Mechanism of Translation". Cell . 108 (4): 557?572. doi : 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00619-0 . PMID   11909526 . S2CID   2078757 .
  37. ↑ Brodersen, Ditlev E.; Clemons, William M.; Carter, Andrew P.; Morgan-Warren, Robert J.; Wimberly, Brian T.; Ramakrishnan, V. (2000). "The Structural Basis for the Action of the Antibiotics Tetracycline, Pactamycin, and Hygromycin B on the 30S Ribosomal Subunit". Cell . 103 (7): 1143?1154. doi : 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00216-6 . PMID   11163189 . S2CID   7763859 .
  38. ↑ Ogle, James M.; Murphy, Frank V.; Tarry, Michael J.; Ramakrishnan, V. (2002). "Selection of tRNA by the Ribosome Requires a Transition from an Open to a Closed Form". Cell . 111 (5): 721?732. doi : 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01086-3 . PMID   12464183 . S2CID   10784644 .
  39. ↑ Clive Cookson (20 November 2020). " 'Voice of British science fights for future of UK research' " . The Financial Times .
  40. ↑ Ian Tucke (15 July 2018). "Venkatraman Ramakrishnan: 'Britain's reputation has been hurt' " . The Guardian .
  41. ↑ A no-deal Brexit would be a disaster for the UK science community The Independent
  42. ↑ "The EMBO Pocket Directory" (PDF) . European Molecular Biology Organization. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2015-03-16.
  43. ↑ "Sir Venki Ramakrishnan FRS" . London: Royal Society. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2015-09-06.
  44. ↑ "Venkatraman Ramakrishnan" . German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . ??????????? 26 May 2021 .
  45. ↑ "Emeritus and Honorary Fellows" . Somerville College, Oxford . ??????????? 26 August 2018 .
  46. ↑ "The American Philosophical Society Welcomes New Members for 2020" .
  47. ↑ "Venki Ramakrishnan appointed to the British Library Board" . The British Library . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2020-07-22 . ??????????? 2020-07-05 .
  48. ↑ "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry" . Nobel Foundation . ??????????? 2009-10-07 .
  49. ↑ "This Year's Padma Awards announced" (Press release). Ministry of Home Affairs . 25 January 2010 . ??????????? 25 January 2010 .
  50. ↑ "Laureate ? Venkatraman Ramakrishnan" . Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings . ??????????? 21 April 2016 .
  51. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" . www.achievement.org . American Academy of Achievement .
  52. ↑ "Venkatraman Ramakrishnan: Certificate of Election EC/2003/31" . London: The Royal Society. 2003. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 5 ??????? 2017 . ??????????? 18 ???????? 2015 .
  53. ↑ Amit Roy (17 Oct 2009). " 'Venki' makes light of India link ? Winner says not to treat science like cricket; league of misses grows" . The Telegraph (Kolkata) . ??????????? 2009-10-17 .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????? " https://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=???????????_?????????&oldid=11387191 "