????????????

???????????? ( ?????? : liquid oxygen ; ??? LOX) ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????? 1.141 g/cm ³ (1.141 kg/L, 1141 kg/m ³) ????????????????? 54.36 K (?218.79 °C, ?361.82 °F) ????????????? 90.19 K (?182.96 °C, ?297.33 °F) ??? 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg) ?? ???????????????? 1:861 ?????? 1 ??????????????? (100 kPa) ?????? 20 °C (68 °F) ^[1]^[2] ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[3]

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? ^[4]^[5]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?.?. 1845 ?????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????? 6 ???? ( ???????? , ???????? , ???????? , ???????????????? , ????? ??? ????????????? ) ?????????????????? ^[6] ???????????? 6 ?????????? "????????" (permanent gases) ???? ?.?. 1877 ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????????????????? (liquid air) ????????? ?.?. 1883 ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Cryogenic Safety . chemistry.ohio-state.edu.
↑ Characteristics . Lindecanada.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-22.
↑ "Liquid Oxygen - Environmental Health & Safety" . University of Florida . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2016-11-13 . ??????????? 11 December 2016 .
↑ Belluscio, Alejandro G. (March 7, 2014). "SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power" . NASAspaceflight.com . ??????????? March 13, 2014 .
↑ Todd, David (November 20, 2012). "Musk goes for methane-burning reusable rockets as step to colonise Mars" . FlightGlobal Hyperbola . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? November 28, 2012 . ??????????? November 22, 2012 . ‘We are going to do methane,’ Musk announced as he described his future plans for reusable launch vehicles including those designed to take astronauts to Mars within 15 years, ‘The energy cost of methane is the lowest and it has a slight Isp (Specific Impulse) advantage over Kerosene’ said Musk adding, ‘and it does not have the pain in the ass factor that hydrogen has.’ ... SpaceX's initial plan will be to build a lox/methane rocket for a future upper stage codenamed Raptor. ... The new Raptor upper stage engine is likely to be only the first engine in a series of lox/methane engines.
↑ Cryogenics . Scienceclarified.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-22.

??????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????? ????????????
"Oxygen, refrigerated liquid - MSDS" (PDF) . Liberty Industrial Gases and Welding Supplies Inc .
"Liquid oxygen" (PDF) . Air Products . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2014-09-12 . ??????????? 2016-12-11 .

?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[1] Cryogenic Safety . chemistry.ohio-state.edu.

[2] Characteristics . Lindecanada.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-22.

[3] "Liquid Oxygen - Environmental Health & Safety" . University of Florida . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2016-11-13 . ??????????? 11 December 2016 .

[nsf20140307-4] Belluscio, Alejandro G. (March 7, 2014). "SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power" . NASAspaceflight.com . ??????????? March 13, 2014 .

[fg20121120-5] Todd, David (November 20, 2012). "Musk goes for methane-burning reusable rockets as step to colonise Mars" . FlightGlobal Hyperbola . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? November 28, 2012 . ??????????? November 22, 2012 . ‘We are going to do methane,’ Musk announced as he described his future plans for reusable launch vehicles including those designed to take astronauts to Mars within 15 years, ‘The energy cost of methane is the lowest and it has a slight Isp (Specific Impulse) advantage over Kerosene’ said Musk adding, ‘and it does not have the pain in the ass factor that hydrogen has.’ ... SpaceX's initial plan will be to build a lox/methane rocket for a future upper stage codenamed Raptor. ... The new Raptor upper stage engine is likely to be only the first engine in a series of lox/methane engines.

[6] Cryogenics . Scienceclarified.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-22.

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