??????????????? 3 ?????????????????? ???????????????? ????? ????????????????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????????? 3200 ??? 3000 ?????????????? ^[2] ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? 2 ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? 3 ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????????????? (Protodynastic) ^[2] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????? 3 [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ? ????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????? , ???????? ??? ????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????

????????????????????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ^[3] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^{[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]}

?????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? , ????-???? ?? ??????????????? ????????????? 2 ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ^[9]

??????????????? 3 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????:

• ????????????????? ??????

• ????????????????????????????? ????????

• ?????? ????? ??????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????? ???????????

• ???????? ??????????? ^[10] (???????????????????????? ????????????? ????? 2000 ??????????????????????????) ^[11]

???????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?? ?.?. 2020 ???????????????????????????????????????? 83 ?????????????????????? 3000 ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 3 ???????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ^{[12] [13]}

?????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3 ???? ??????????????????

• 
  ?????????????????? , ??? 3100 ??????????????
• 
  "????????????????" (3300?3100 ??????????????)
• 
  ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????, ?????? 3200?3100 ??????????????
• 
  ???????????????
• 
  ?????????????? , 3100 ??????????????
• 
  ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-?????? ?????????????????????????????????? 3 ?????? 3100 ?????????????? ^[14]
• 
  ???????????, 3200?2800 ??????????????

??????????????? [ ??? ]

• 
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????
• 
  ???????????????? , ??????????????????
• 
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????, ????????????????????????????????? , ??????
• 
  ?????????????????????? 3200-3100 ??????????????????????????????? 3
• 
  ???????????????????? 3
• 
  ??????????????????????????????????? 3

??????? [ ??? ]

1. ↑ Hendrickx, Stan. "The relative chronology of the Naqada culture: Problems and possibilities [in:] Spencer, A.J. (ed.), Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press, 1996: 36-69" (??????????): 64. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal ??????? |journal= ( help )
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Shaw 2000 , p. 479.
3. ↑ Derry, D.E. (1956). "The Dynastic Race in Egypt". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology . 42 : 80?85. doi : 10.1177/030751335604200111 . S2CID   194596267 .
4. ↑ Wilkinson, Toby (1999). Early dynastic Egypt . London: Routledge. pp.  15 . ISBN   0415186331 .
5. ↑ Yurco, Frank (1996). "An Egyptological Review". (1996). Black Athena revisited . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 62?100. ISBN   0807845558 .
6. ↑ Zakrzewski, Sonia R. (2007). Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state . Highfield, Southampton: Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton.
7. ↑ * Pg33-"Early Nile Valley populations were primarily coextensive with indigenous African populations. Linguistic and archaeological data provide key supporting evidence for a primarily African origin". Shomarka Keita and A.J. Boyce "The Geographic and Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians". Celenko Theodore (ed). (1996). Egypt in Africa . Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Museum of Art. pp. 20?33. ISBN   0936260645 .
8. ↑ * Pg84-85 "major burial sites of those founding locales of ancient Egypt in the fourth millennium BCE, notably El-Badari as well as Naqada, show no demographic indebtedness to the Levant. They reveal instead a population with cranial and dental features with closest parallels to those of other longtime populations of the surrounding areas of northeastern Africa, such as Nubia and the northern Horn of Africa". Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE (??????????). Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 83?86, 167?169. ISBN   978-0-691-24409-9 .
9. ↑ Shaw 2000 , p. 71.
10. ↑ Meza, A.I. (2007) “Neolithic Boats: Ancient Egypt and the Maltese Islands. A Minoan Connection” J-C. Goyon,C. Cardin (Eds.) Actes Du Neuvieme Congres International Des Egyptologues, p. 1287.
11. ↑ Robinson, D. (2012). "Review of: Anderson, A., et al. (2010), The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring ". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology . 41 (1): 206?208. doi : 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2011.00333_2.x . S2CID   162515460 .
12. ↑ Geggel, Laura (21 February 2020). "Dozens of ancient Egyptian graves found with rare clay coffins" . livescience.com (??????????) . ??????????? 2020-06-28 .
13. ↑ "????? ?? 83 ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????" . ????? ?????? . 2020-02-12 . ??????????? 2020-06-28 .
14. ↑ Brovarski, Edward. "REFLECTIONS ON THE BATTLEFIELD AND LIBYAN BOOTY PALETTES" (??????????): 89. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal ??????? |journal= ( help )

?????????? [ ??? ]

• Anđelkovi?, Branislav (2002). "Southern Canaan as an Egyptian Protodynastic Colony". Cahiers Caribeens d'Egyptologie . 3/4 (Dix ans de hieroglyphes au campus): 75?92.
• Bard, Katherine A. (2000). "The Emergence of the Egyptian State" . ?? Shaw, Ian (?.?.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp.  61?88 . ISBN   0-19-815034-2 .
• Midant-Reynes, Beatrix (2000). The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs . Oxford and Malden: Blackwell. ISBN   0-631-20169-6 .
• Shaw, Ian, ?.?. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-815034-2 .
• Wilkinson, Toby Alexander Howard (2001). Early Dynastic Egypt (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN   0-415-18633-1 .
• Wright, Mary (1985). "Contacts Between Egypt and Syro-Palestine During the Protodynastic Period". Biblical Archaeologist . 48 (4): 240?53. doi : 10.2307/3209960 . JSTOR   3209960 . S2CID   165458408 .