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?????????????????????????? แก้ไขการจำแนกนี้
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????: Bos
Linnaeus , 1758
???????: Bos taurus
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Bos taurus
Linnaeus , 1758
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  • Bos primigenius taurus
  • Bos longifrons

??? ???? ?? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? Bovinae ??????????????????????????????? Bos ??????????????????????????????????????????? Bos primigenius ????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? 80 ??? ?? ????????????????? , ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? 10,500 ?????? [1] ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? 1.5 ???????????? ?.?. 2018 [2] ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 10% [3] [4] ?? ?.?. 2009 ?????????????????????????????????????? ????? ???????????? [5]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ↑ Bollongino, R.; Burger, J.; Powell, A.; Mashkour, M.; Vigne, J.-D.; Thomas, M. G. (2012). "Modern taurine cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders" . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 29 (9): 2101?2104. doi : 10.1093/molbev/mss092 . PMID   22422765 . Op. cit. in Wilkins, Alasdair (28 March 2012). "DNA reveals that cows were almost impossible to domesticate" . io9 . ???? ????????????????? 12 May 2012 . ??????????? 2 April 2012 .
  2. ↑ "Live Animals" . FAO . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ???? ????????????????? 31 August 2020 . ??????????? 31 August 2020 .
  3. ↑ "FAO ? News Article: Key facts and findings" . www.fao.org (??????????). ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2019-01-01 . ??????????? 2021-06-04 .
  4. ↑ "Treating beef like coal would make a big dent in greenhouse-gas emissions" . The Economist . 2021-10-02. ISSN   0013-0613 . ??????????? 2021-11-03 .
  5. ↑ Brown, David (23 April 2009). "Scientists Unravel Genome of the Cow" . The Washington Post . ???? ????????????????? 28 June 2011 . ??????????? 23 April 2009 .

????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????? ??????????????????????????? ???
?????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???
?????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??
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  • Cattle Today (CT). 2006. Website. Breeds of cattle . Cattle Today . Retrieved 26 December 2006
  • Clay, J. 2004. World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices . Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN   1-55963-370-0 .
  • Clutton-Brock, J. 1999. A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-63495-4 .
  • Purdy, Herman R.; R. John Dawes; Dr. Robert Hough (2008). Breeds Of Cattle (2nd ed.). ? A visual textbook containing History/Origin, Phenotype & Statistics of 45 breeds.
  • Huffman, B. 2006. The ultimate ungulate page . UltimateUngulate.com . Retrieved 26 December 2006.
  • Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). 2005. Bos taurus ???????? 2008-06-25 ??? ?????????????? . Global Invasive Species Database .
  • Johns, Catherine. 2011 Cattle: History, Myth, Art . London: The British Museum Press. 978-0-7141-5084-0
  • Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World . Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN   0-8018-2525-3
  • Oklahoma State University (OSU). 2006. Breeds of Cattle . Retrieved 5 January 2007.
  • Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 2004. Holy cow ???????? 13 ?????? 2014 ??? ?????????????? . PBS Nature . Retrieved 5 January 2007.
  • Rath, S. 1998. The Complete Cow . Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN   0-89658-375-9 .
  • Raudiansky, S. 1992. The Covenant of the Wild . New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN   0-688-09610-7 .
  • Spectrum Commodities (SC). 2006. Live cattle . Spectrumcommodities.com . Retrieved 5 January 2007.
  • Voelker, W. 1986. The Natural History of Living Mammals . Medford, NJ: Plexus Publishing, Inc. ISBN   0-937548-08-1 .
  • Yogananda, P. 1946. The Autobiography of a Yogi . Los Angeles: Self Realization Fellowship. ISBN   0-87612-083-4 .
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