????????????

?????????????? ???? ???? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ^[1] ???????????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????, ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????? ? ???? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 20 ??. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????, ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[2] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? , ??????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????? 1953 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 50 ??? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ^[3]

???????????????? 4 ????: ????????????, ????????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????, ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 18 ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????, ????????, ???????? ????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ ? National Weather Service (21 April 2005). "Weather Glossary ? T" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ??????????? 2006-08-23 .
↑ National Severe Storms Laboratory (September 1992). "tornadoes... Nature's Most Violent Storms " . A PREPAREDNESS GUIDE . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2008-06-24 . ??????????? 2008-08-03 .
↑ "Thunderstorm Energy Equals 50 A-bombs." Popular Mechanics , January 1953, p. 86, bottom of page

??????? [ ??? ]

Burgess, D. W., R. J. Donaldson Jr., and P. R. Desrochers, 1993: Tornado detection and warning by radar. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr. , No. 79, American Geophysical Union , 203?221.
Corfidi, S. F., 1998: Forecasting MCS mode and motion. Preprints 19th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, American Meteorological Society , ???????????? , Minnesota, pp. 626?629.
Davies, J. M., 2004: Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells . Wea. Forecasting, 19, 714?726.
Davies, J. M., and R. H. Johns, 1993: Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part I: Helicity and mean shear magnitudes. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards (C. Church et al., Eds.), Geophysical Monograph 79, American Geophysical Union, 573?582.
David, C. L. 1973: An objective of estimating the probability of severe thunderstorms . Preprint Eight conference of Severe Local Storms. ???????? , American Meteorological Society , 223?225.
Doswell, C.A., III, D. V. Baker, and C. A. Liles, 2002: Recognition of negative factors for severe weather potential: A case study . Wea. Forecasting, 17, 937?954.
Doswell, C.A., III, S.J. Weiss and R.H. Johns (1993): Tornado forecasting: A review. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards (C. Church et al., Eds) , Geophys. Monogr. No. 79, American Geophysical Union, 557?571.
Johns, R. H., J. M. Davies, and P. W. Leftwich, 1993: Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part II: Variations in the combinations of wind and instability parameters. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards, Geophys. Mongr. , No. 79, American Geophysical Union, 583?590.
Evans, Jeffry S.,: Examination of Derecho Environments Using Proximity Soundings . NOAA.gov
J. V. Iribarne and W.L. Godson, Atmospheric Thermodynamics , published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, ?????????? , the ?????????????????? , 1973
M. K. Yau and R. R. Rogers, Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition , published by Butterworth-Heinemann, January 1, 1989, EAN 9780750632157 ISBN 0-7506-3215-1

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Thunderstorm lightning in realtime ? Europe ???????? 2013-12-31 ??? ??????????????
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Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology
Social & Economic Costs of Thunderstorms & High Winds ???????? 2009-01-26 ??? ?????????????? NOAA Economics
Thunderstorm photography in Germany ???????? 2007-07-14 ??? ??????????????

??????:Meteorological variables

[1] ? National Weather Service (21 April 2005). "Weather Glossary ? T" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ??????????? 2006-08-23 .

[nssl.noaa.gov-2] National Severe Storms Laboratory (September 1992). "tornadoes... Nature's Most Violent Storms " . A PREPAREDNESS GUIDE . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2008-06-24 . ??????????? 2008-08-03 .

[3] "Thunderstorm Energy Equals 50 A-bombs." Popular Mechanics , January 1953, p. 86, bottom of page

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