????????

????? ???????? ???????? ( ?????? : Opposition ) ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (?????? ????????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ) ???????????????? ???????????????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ^[1] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[2]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 20 ^[3] ????????????????? ? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[4]

????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ^[5] ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[5]

???????????????????????????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[6] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[7]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Blondel, J (1997). "Political opposition in the contemporary world" . Government and Opposition . 32 (4): 462?486. doi : 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00441.x . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2013-01-05.
↑ Kersell, John E. (1966). "Review of Political Oppositions in Western Democracies" . International Journal . 21 (4): 535?536. doi : 10.2307/40184478 . ISSN 0020-7020 . JSTOR 40184478 .
↑ Kersell, John E. (1966). "Review of Political Oppositions in Western Democracies" . International Journal . 21 (4): 535?536. doi : 10.2307/40184478 . ISSN 0020-7020 . JSTOR 40184478 .
↑ Lust-Okar, Ellen (2004). "Divided They Rule: The Management and Manipulation of Political Opposition" . Comparative Politics . 36 (2): 159?179. doi : 10.2307/4150141 . ISSN 0010-4159 . JSTOR 4150141 .
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Staniland and Vaishnav, Paul and Milan (January 24, 2023). "The State of Opposition in South Asia" . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: url-status ( ????? )
↑ Ashokkumar, Ashwini; Talaifar, Sanaz; Fraser, William T.; Landabur, Rodrigo; Buhrmester, Michael; Gomez, Angel; Paredes, Borja; Swann, William B. (November 2020). "Censoring political opposition online: Who does it and why" . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (??????????). 91 : 104031. doi : 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104031 . PMC 7415017 . PMID 32834107 .
↑ Nadeem, Reem (2020-08-19). "Most Americans Think Social Media Sites Censor Political Viewpoints" . Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech (?????????????????????) . ??????????? 2023-03-06 .

[1] Blondel, J (1997). "Political opposition in the contemporary world" . Government and Opposition . 32 (4): 462?486. doi : 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00441.x . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2013-01-05.

[2] Kersell, John E. (1966). "Review of Political Oppositions in Western Democracies" . International Journal . 21 (4): 535?536. doi : 10.2307/40184478 . ISSN 0020-7020 . JSTOR 40184478 .

[3] Kersell, John E. (1966). "Review of Political Oppositions in Western Democracies" . International Journal . 21 (4): 535?536. doi : 10.2307/40184478 . ISSN 0020-7020 . JSTOR 40184478 .

[4] Lust-Okar, Ellen (2004). "Divided They Rule: The Management and Manipulation of Political Opposition" . Comparative Politics . 36 (2): 159?179. doi : 10.2307/4150141 . ISSN 0010-4159 . JSTOR 4150141 .

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Staniland and Vaishnav, Paul and Milan (January 24, 2023). "The State of Opposition in South Asia" . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: url-status ( ????? )

[6] Ashokkumar, Ashwini; Talaifar, Sanaz; Fraser, William T.; Landabur, Rodrigo; Buhrmester, Michael; Gomez, Angel; Paredes, Borja; Swann, William B. (November 2020). "Censoring political opposition online: Who does it and why" . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (??????????). 91 : 104031. doi : 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104031 . PMC 7415017 . PMID 32834107 .

[7] Nadeem, Reem (2020-08-19). "Most Americans Think Social Media Sites Censor Political Viewpoints" . Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech (?????????????????????) . ??????????? 2023-03-06 .

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