?????????????

????????????? ( ?????? : artificial intelligence ) ???? ???? ( AI ) ??????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????????????????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????

????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????
???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????????????????????? ???? ???????????????

???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ????????????????? 19 ??? 20 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? R.U.R. ??? ????? ????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? 0 ??? 1 ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?.?. 1956 ^[1] ?????????????????????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 20 ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????????????????? "??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????"

???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?.?. 1974 ????? ????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????? (AI winter) ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????? 1980 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?.?. 1985 ??????????????????????????????????????? 1 ??????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????? 5 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????? 1990 ????????????????????????? 21 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (?????????????) ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????? ? ??? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????? 11 ??????? ?.?. 1997 ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????? ?.?. 2011 ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????????? Kinect ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3 ???????????

????????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????? (????) ?????????????

??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? 4 ?????????????? 2 ???? ??????

??????? ????????????????????????????????? ??? ?????????????????????????????????? (????????????????????????????)
??????? ??????????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????

???????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? 4 ??????????????????????? ????????? 4 ???????????????????????????????????

????????????????

?????????????????????? (Systems that think like humans)
1. ????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( "The exciting new effort to make computers think ... machines with minds, in the full and literal sense." [Haugeland, 1985])
2. ????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ( "[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning." [Bellman, 1978])
- ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? cognitive science ???? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? (?.?. 2548) ??????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????
???????????????????????? (Systems that act like humans)
1. ????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( "The art of creating machines that perform functions that requires intelligence when performed by people." [Kurzweil, 1990])
2. ????????????? ??? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( "The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better." [Rich and Knight, 1991])
- ???????? ???????????????????? ????
  - ?????????????????????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ??? ???????????????????????
  - ???????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  - ???????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????
  - ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????? (Systems that think rationally)
1. ????????????? ??? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( "The study of mental faculties through the use of computational model." [Charniak and McDermott, 1985])
2. ????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????? ( "The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act" [Winston, 1992])
- ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????
????????????????????????? (Systems that act rationally)
1. ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ( "Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents" [Poole et al., 1998])
2. ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( "AI ... is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts" [Nilsson, 1998])
- ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????? (???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ? ) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????

???????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????? (?????????) ???????????????????????????? ? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????

????????? ???????????? ???????????????? (deduction, reasoning, problem solving) [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? 1980 ??? 1990 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????

???????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? sub-symbolic problem solving ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? (logic programming) ???????????????????????????????? first-order logic ??? bayesian inference ???????????????????????????????? bayesian networks

????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????? (knowledge representation) ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????? (knowledge) ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????? (???????????????????) ??????? ? ????????? ??????"?????????????"???????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???

?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???

???????????????? (certain knowledge) ???? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? first-order logic ???? propositional logic
????????????????????????????????????? (uncertain knowledge) ???? ??????????? (fuzzy logic) ??? ???????????????? ( bayesian networks )

???????????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????? (expert system) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????? , ???????????? ??? ?????????????????????

??????????????????? ( automated planning ) [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? (???????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (?????????) ????????????

?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????

????????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????? (machine learning) ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????? (unsupervised learning) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????????????????? (supervised learning) ??????????? ??????????????????? ??? ???????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?? ???????????????????????? (reinforcement learning) ???? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? (decision theory) ??????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ? ??? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?

??????????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????? (natural language processing) ^[2] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???? ?????????????????? ) ??????????? ?????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????? (machine perception) ??? ?????????????????????????????????????????? (???? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ? ) ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????

?????????????????? (computer vision)
????????????? (speech recognition)
?????????????? (facial recognition)
????????????? (object recognition)

????????????????????????? (motion and manipulation) [ ??? ]

???? ???????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????

??????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????

???????????????? (social intelligence) [ ??? ]

?????????????????? (affective computing) ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????? MIT ?????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1995 ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (?????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????) ????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????

????????????????? (computational creativity) [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? (????????????????????????????) ????????????? (?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????)

?????????????? (general intelligence) [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? (?????????????????? ???????????????????? (String AI)) ?????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ( ????????????? ) ??????????????????????????????????????? (????????????????) ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????? ? ???

??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????? ? ???????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????? ??????????????? (cybernetics and brain simulation) [ ??? ]

?????????????? 1940 ??? 1950 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????

????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1950 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????? GOFAI (Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence) ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? 1960 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????? 1960 ??? 1970 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????? (cognitive simulation)

??????????????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????

???????????????? (logic-based)

????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? (formal logic) ????????????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????????????

?????????????????? (anti-logic)

????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????? (???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ) ????? ????????????????????? ???? ?????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? (??????????????) ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????????"????????????" (??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ) ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????? (knowledge-based)

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1970 ?????????????????????????????? 3 ??????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????? (sub-symbolic) [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1980 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????"?????????????"????????????????????????????????

???????????????????? (bottom-up)

??????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????? 1950 ?????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????"???????????"????????? cognitive science ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???? ????????????? ????????? ????????????????) ????????

???????????????????? ??????????????????? (computational intelligence and soft computing)

???????????????? 1980 ????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????????? (fuzzy system) ?????????????????????? (evolutionary computation) ?????????????? ? ????????

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????? 1990 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????????????? "??????????" ??? "????????????????????????????" ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????

??????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1990

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? (??????) ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????

?????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 50 ?? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????? (search and optimization) [ ??? ]

????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????? ????????????????????? ???? ? ??????????????????????????????????????

???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? (???????????????????????????????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????? 1990 ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ? ??????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (??????) ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???????????????) ???????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? (swarm intelligence) ???? ????????????????????????? (evolutionary algorithm) ???? ????????????????????????

????? (logic) [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????? Satplan ????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning) [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????? (?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ^[3]

???????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? (????????????? ???????????????? ) ??????????? (?????????????????????????????????????) ????????? (???????????????????????) ???????????? (????????????????????????) ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????? (???? ??????????????????????? ???? ????????????? )

???????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? Markov ???????????????????????????? ???????? ???????

???????????????????????????????????? (classifiers and statistical learning methods) [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?? ?????????????????????? ???? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? support vector machine ???????????????????????????????????? k ??? ???????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??????????????????? ^[4] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????

????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? 20 ???????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????

??????????? (control theory) [ ??? ]

??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????

???? (languages) [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????????

????????????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ? ??? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ??????????????????? ( stochastic ) (??????????????????????????????????????)
????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ( optimization ) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????? ( genetic programming ) ??? evolution strategy ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????? ( artificial life ) [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????? (distributed artificial intelligence) [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????? [ ??? ]

Artificial being [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑
Dartmouth conference :
- McCorduck 2004 , pp. 111?136
- Crevier 1993 , pp. 47?49, who writes "the conference is generally recognized as the official birthdate of the new science."
- Russell & Norvig 2003 , p. 17, who call the conference "the birth of artificial intelligence."
- NRC 1999 , pp. 200?201
↑
Natural language processing :
- ACM 1998 , I.2.7
- Russell & Norvig 2003 , pp. 790?831
- Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 , pp. 91?104
- Luger & Stubblefield 2004 , pp. 591?632
↑
Uncertain reasoning:
- Russell & Norvig 2003 , pp. 452?644,
- Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 , pp. 345?395,
- Luger & Stubblefield 2004 , pp. 333?381,
- Nilsson 1998 , chpt. 19
↑
Neural networks and connectionism:
- Russell & Norvig 2003 , pp. 736?748,
- Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 , pp. 408?414,
- Luger & Stubblefield 2004 , pp. 453?505,
- Nilsson 1998 , chpt. 3

???????????? AI [ ??? ]

The two most widely used textbooks in 2023. (See the Open Syllabus ).

Russell, Stuart J. ; Norvig, Peter. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0134610993 . LCCN 20190474 .
Rich, Elaine ; Knight, Kevin; Nair, Shivashankar B (2010). Artificial Intelligence (??????????) (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill India. ISBN 978-0070087705 .

These were the four the most widely used AI textbooks in 2008:

Luger, George ; Stubblefield, William (2004). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-4780-7 . ???? ????????????????? 26 July 2020 . ??????????? 17 December 2019 .
Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis . Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-467-4 . ???? ????????????????? 26 July 2020 . ??????????? 18 November 2019 .
Russell, Stuart J. ; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
Poole, David ; Mackworth, Alan ; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510270-3 . ???? ????????????????? 26 July 2020 . ??????????? 22 August 2020 .

Later editions.

Poole, David ; Mackworth, Alan (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-19539-4 . ???? ????????????????? 7 December 2017 . ??????????? 6 December 2017 .

?????????? AI [ ??? ]

Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence . New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3 .
McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd., ISBN 1-56881-205-1
Newquist, HP (1994). The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think . New York: Macmillan/SAMS. ISBN 978-0-672-30412-5 .
Nilsson, Nils (2009). The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements . New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-12293-1 .

?????????????? [ ??? ]

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AI & ML in Fusion
AI & ML in Fusion, video lecture ???????? 2 ??????? 2023 ??? ??????????????

????????? [ ??? ]

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??. ??. ???????? ?????????? (2003) "????????????? ??????????????? 2110654", http://www.cp.eng.chula.ac.th/~boonserm/teaching/artificial.htm .
??. ??. ?????? ????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????? , ???????????????????????? ????????????? ? ?????????????, http://www.cp.eng.chula.ac.th/~piak/ .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

AI web category on Open Directory ???????? 2008-05-27 ??? ??????????????
Programming:AI ???????? 2004-05-17 ??? ?????????????? @ Wikibooks .org
University of Berkeley AI Resources linking to about 869 other WWW pages about AI ??????????????????????????? internet ????????? AI ??????????????????????
Loebner Prize website ???????? 2010-12-30 ??? ??????????????
AIWiki ^{[
?????????
]} - a wiki devoted to AI.
AIAWiki - AI algorithms and research.
Mindpixel "The Planet's Largest Artificial Intelligence Effort"
OpenMind CommonSense ???????? 2006-02-08 ??? ?????????????? "Teaching computers the stuff we all know"
Artificially Intelligent Ouija Board ???????? 2005-05-19 ??? ?????????????? - creative example of human-like AI
Heuristics and AI in finance and investment ???????? 2001-12-02 ??? ??????????????
SourceForge Open Source AI projects ???????? 2008-12-19 ??? ?????????????? - 1139 projects
Ethical and Social Implications of AI en Computerization
AI algorithm implementations and demonstrations
Marvin Minsky's Homepage ???????? 2008-08-03 ??? ??????????????
Why Programming is a Good Medium for Expressing Poorly Understood and Sloppily Formulated Ideas ???????? 2005-05-04 ??? ??????????????

?????????? [ ??? ]

German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence ???? DFKI
AI Lab, Zurich ???????? 2005-06-04 ??? ??????????????
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT
Department of Informatics, University of Sussex
School of Informatics, the University of Edinburgh - ????????????????????
Knowledge Representation Laboratory ???????? 2005-04-04 ??? ?????????????? - ?????????????????????????
Intelligent Systems Laboratory (ISL) ???????? 2005-04-05 ??? ?????????????? - ?????????????????????
Knowledge Information & Data Management Laboratory (KIND) ???????? 2006-06-10 ??? ?????????????? - ????????????????????????, ????????, ?????????? ?????????????????????????????? (SIIT) ?????????????????????
Image and Vision Computing Laboratory ???????? 2005-11-08 ??? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
?????? ?????????. “???????????????????: ???????????????????????????????????.” ?? ???????? ???????, ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? (??.), ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????? 12 ‘???????????’: ??? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? . ???? 114-133. ?.?.?., 2561.

?????????????????????????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

[Dartmouth_conference-1] Dartmouth conference :
McCorduck 2004 , pp. 111?136

Crevier 1993 , pp. 47?49, who writes "the conference is generally recognized as the official birthdate of the new science."

Russell & Norvig 2003 , p. 17, who call the conference "the birth of artificial intelligence."

NRC 1999 , pp. 200?201

[2] McCorduck 2004 , pp. 111?136

[3] Crevier 1993 , pp. 47?49, who writes "the conference is generally recognized as the official birthdate of the new science."

[4] Russell & Norvig 2003 , p. 17, who call the conference "the birth of artificial intelligence."

[5] NRC 1999 , pp. 200?201

[Natural_language_processing-2] Natural language processing :
ACM 1998 , I.2.7

Russell & Norvig 2003 , pp. 790?831

Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 , pp. 91?104

Luger & Stubblefield 2004 , pp. 591?632

[7] ACM 1998 , I.2.7

[8] Russell & Norvig 2003 , pp. 790?831

[9] Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 , pp. 91?104

[10] Luger & Stubblefield 2004 , pp. 591?632

[Uncertain_reasoning-3] Uncertain reasoning:
Russell & Norvig 2003 , pp. 452?644,

Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 , pp. 345?395,

Luger & Stubblefield 2004 , pp. 333?381,

Nilsson 1998 , chpt. 19

[12] Russell & Norvig 2003 , pp. 452?644,

[13] Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 , pp. 345?395,

[14] Luger & Stubblefield 2004 , pp. 333?381,

[15] Nilsson 1998 , chpt. 19

[Neural_networks-4] Neural networks and connectionism:
Russell & Norvig 2003 , pp. 736?748,

Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 , pp. 408?414,

Luger & Stubblefield 2004 , pp. 453?505,

Nilsson 1998 , chpt. 3

[17] Russell & Norvig 2003 , pp. 736?748,

[18] Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998 , pp. 408?414,

[19] Luger & Stubblefield 2004 , pp. 453?505,

[20] Nilsson 1998 , chpt. 3

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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