????????????????????
???????????
???????
?????????????????????????? 12,500 ??? (3.8 ????????; 2.37 ????) ?????????????????????????
????????????????????????????
???????????? 370 ???? (600 ????????) ? ??????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????? 3 ???? (600 ????) ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????????
???????
???????????? ?.?. 1912 ?????
????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????
???????????????? ?????????????? ???? ?.?. 1985 ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????
????-?????? ?????
????
?????????????????????
???
???????? ????????
????
????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????
???????????? ?.?. 2023
?????????????????????? 5 ??? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????
???????
?????? ???? ???????????????????????????????
??????
???? 180,000 ????????????? ??????????
????????????
??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
???????
??????????
???????
[
???
]
???????????????????
???????
????????????????????????
?????????????????????????
???????
??????????????????? 15 ?????? ?.?. 1912 ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????
????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ? ????????
??????????
, ????????
?????????
???????????
??????????
? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
???????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 60,000 ????????????????? (410 ????) ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
??????????????????????
???????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????????
????????
????????? ?.?. 1987????????????????????
???????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????? ????????????
??????????
??????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
???????????
???????????????????????
???????
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????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
???????
???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???? ???????????????????????, ????? ????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1914 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
?????????????????????????
????????????????????? 1.5 ???????????????? (35 ??????????????????????????) ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
???????
???? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? 1960 ??? 1970
[
???
]
?????????????????????? 1960 ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
???????
, ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????
???????
??????????
??????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????? "???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????"
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????
??????????????? ???????-???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1970 ????????????????????????????????????? (???????????????? ??????) ????? 180,000 ???????????????
???????
??????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????
???????
??????
?????????
????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? 238 ????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
???????
??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????????????
???????
??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
???????????????
???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ?.?. 1976 ?????????????????
??? ???? ???????!
????????
???? ?????????
???????????????????
?????? ?????
????????????????
???????
???????????????????????? "?????????????????????????????????????????????" ???????????????????????? ????????????????? "???????????????????" ??????????????????
???????????????????????????????
???????
???? 55 ??? (17 ????) ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????
???????? ????????
????
????????????????????????
????????????????????????
???????
???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????? (Seasonics International Ltd.) ?????????????????????????????????????
???????
???????? ????????????? ?.?. 1977 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
(Seaprobe) ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? 3,000 ??? (900 ????) ?????????????????????????????? 600,000 ???????????? (?????????????? 2,683,031 ???????????????? ?.?. 2021) ????????????????
???? ?.?. 1978
??????????????????
??????????
????????? ??????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
???????????????????????????
???????????
????
???????
?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
????????? ?????????????????? ?????
????? ?????????
?????????????????????? & ????????????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
???????
?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????
???!
???????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1980 ??????????????????????????????????????
??????????????
???!
???????????????????????? 84 ??????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
???????
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???????????????????
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?????????
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?????????
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?????????
????? 2023-01-24
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?????????
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???????????????
????????????????????
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???????????????
[
???
]