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1256?1335 [1]
ธงชาติข่านอิล
???? ????????? Angelino Dulcert ?? ?.?. 1339 ????? ???????????? ?? ?.?. 1375. [2]
จักรวรรดิข่านอิลในสมัยที่รุ่งเรืองที่สุด
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? 1256?1265
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? 1316?1335
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?????? ?.?. 1310 [7] [8] 3,750,000 ????????????? (1,450,000 ?????????)
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???????????????? ( ?????? : Ilkhanate, Il-khanate ; ????????? : ??? ????? , ??????????:  ?lkh?n?n ) ???????????????????????? ????????????? ( ????????? : Hulegu Ulus ; ??????  ??????????????? ) [9] ???? ??????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? [10] [11] ???????????????????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?.?. 1259

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ?? ?.?. 1295 ??????????????????? 1330 ???????????????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????? ?.?. 1335 ?????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? (?.?. 224?651) ???? ???????????????????? [12]

??????? [ ??? ]

???????-???-???-???????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? (????????) ???????????????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? " ???? ??????????, ???????? ????? " ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???? ???????????????????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? "???????" ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1260 [13]

??????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????-?????? [ ??? ]

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???????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? 13 ??? 14 ?????????????????????? ???????????????????? 7 (????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????) ??????????????? ?????? ???????? (????????????????) ????????????????????????????????????????????????? [14]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ↑ Biran, Michal (2016). "Il-Khanate Empire". ?? Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J. M. (?.?.). The Encyclopedia of Empire . p. 1. doi : 10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe362 .
  2. ↑ The flag of the Ilkhante as seen in the Catalan Atlas
  3. ↑ Fragner 2006 , pp. 78?79.
  4. ↑ Fragner 2006 , pp. 78.
  5. ↑ Badiee 1984 , p. 97.
  6. ↑ Vasary 2016 , p. 149.
  7. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" . Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 223. ISSN   1076-156X . ??????????? 13 September 2016 .
  8. ↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" . International Studies Quarterly . 41 (3): 496. doi : 10.1111/0020-8833.00053 . JSTOR   2600793 .
  9. ↑ Biran, Michael (2016). Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J. M. (?.?.). "Il?Khanate Empire". The Encyclopedia of Empire : 1?6. doi : 10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe362 . ISBN   9781118455074 .
  10. ↑ Danilenko, Nadja (2020). "In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-I??akhr?'s Book of Routes and Realms". Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-I??akhr?'s Book of Routes and Realms . Brill. p. 101. Connecting to ?r?n as illustrated in the Sh?hn?ma , 'land of Iran' rose to the official name for the Ilkhanid realm.
  11. ↑ Ashraf, Ahmad (2006). "Iranian Identity iii. Medieval Islamic Period" . ?? Yarshater, Ehsan (?.?.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/5: Iran X. Religions in Iran?Iraq V. Safavid period . London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 507?522. ISBN   978-0-933273-93-1 . ... the Mongol and Timurid phase, during which the name 'Iran' was used for the dynastic realm and a pre-modern ethno-national history of Iranian dynasties was arranged.
  12. ↑ Danilenko, Nadja (2020). "In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-I??akhr?'s Book of Routes and Realms". Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-I??akhr?'s Book of Routes and Realms . Brill. pp. 94?95.
  13. ↑ Peter Jackson The Mongols and the West , p.127
  14. ↑ "Despite numerous envoys and the obvious logic of an alliance against mutual enemies, the papacy and the Crusaders never achieved the often-proposed alliance against Islam". Atwood, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire , p. 583, "Western Europe and the Mongol Empire"

?????? [ ??? ]

  • Allsen, Thomas (1994). "The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China". ?? Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke ; John King Fairbank (?.?.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710?1368 . Cambridge University Press. pp. 321?413. ISBN   978-0-521-24331-5 .
  • Arjomand, Said Amir Arjomand (2022). Revolutions of the End of Time: Apocalypse, Revolution and Reaction in the Persianate World . Brill. ISBN   978-90-04-51715-8 .
  • Ashraf, Ahmad (2006). "Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period" . Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIII, Fasc. 5 . pp. 507?522.
  • Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire . New York, NY: Facts On File. ISBN   0-8160-4671-9 .
  • Babaie, Sussan (2019). Iran After the Mongols . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1-78831-528-9 .
  • Badiee, Julie (1984). "The Sarre Qazw?n?: An Early Aq Qoyunlu Manuscript?". Ars Orientalis . University of Michigan. 14 .
  • C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties , New York, 1996.
  • Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion . Yale University Press. pp. 1?448. ISBN   9780300227284 . JSTOR   10.3366/j.ctt1n2tvq0 . ??????:Registration required
  • Lane, George E. (2012). "The Mongols in Iran". ?? Daryaee, Touraj (?.?.). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History . Oxford University Press. pp. 1?432. ISBN   978-0-19-987575-7 .
  • Limbert, John (2004). Shiraz in the Age of Hafez . University of Washington Press. pp. 1?182. ISBN   9780295802886 .
  • Kadoi, Yuka. (2009) Islamic Chinoiserie: The Art of Mongol Iran , Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art, Edinburgh. ISBN   9780748635825 .
  • Fragner, Bert G. (2006). "Ilkhanid Rule and Its Contributions to Iranian Political Culture". ?? Komaroff, Linda (?.?.). Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan . Brill. pp. 68?82. ISBN   9789004243408 .
  • May, Timothy (2018), The Mongol Empire
  • Melville, Charles (2012). Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature . Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 1?784. ISBN   9780857723598 .
  • R. Amitai-Preiss: Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260?1281 . Cambridge, 1995.
  • Vernadsky, George (1953), The Mongols and Russia , Yale University Press
  • Vasary, Istvan (2016). "The Role and Function of Mongolian and Turkic in Ilkhanid Iran". ?? Csato, Eva A.; Johanson, Lars; Rona-Tas, Andra; Utas, Bo (?.?.). Turks and Iranians. Interactions in Language and History: The Gunnar Jarring Memorial Program at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (1 ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 141?152. ISBN   978-3-447-10537-8 .

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