????

???? ( ????????????? : ????, ?????????? : chakkar , ????????? : cakera ), ???? ????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ^[1] ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? 8 ??? ??????????????????????????

??????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????????????? ^[2] ??????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????

??????????????????????????????? ?????
???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ????????
???????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ?????????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ HILL, JOHN (1963). "5-THE GANGES PLAIN". THE ROCKLIFF NEW PROJECT ? ILLUSTRATED GEOGRAPHY ? THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT . London: BARRIE & ROCKLIFF. pp. 173?174.
↑ ?????????????????????????? 1

??????????????? [ ??? ]

[rockliff-1] HILL, JOHN (1963). "5-THE GANGES PLAIN". THE ROCKLIFF NEW PROJECT ? ILLUSTRATED GEOGRAPHY ? THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT . London: BARRIE & ROCKLIFF. pp. 173?174.

[2] ?????????????????????????? 1

[1]

[2]