????????????????????

???????????????????? ( ?????? : Centre-left politics ( ??????????????????? ) ???? Center-left politics ( ????????????????????? ) ???? Moderate-left politics ) ????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?? ???????????????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ^[1] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ^[2] ?????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[3]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[2] ????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[2]

?? ????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ????????????????????????????? ^[4]^[5]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Oliver H. Woshinsky. Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior . New York: Routledge, 2008, pp. 146.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Oliver H. Woshinsky. Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior . New York: Routledge, 2008, pp. 143.
↑ Chris Armstrong. Rethinking Equality: The Challenge of Equal Citizenship . Manchester University Press, 2006, p. 89.
↑ John W. Cioffi and Martin Hopner (21 ?????? 2006). "Interests, Preferences, and Center-Left Party Politics in Corporate Governance Reform" (PDF) . Council for European Studies at Columbia University. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 5 ???????? 2010 . ??????????? 14 ????????? 2009 .
↑ Manfred Ertel, Hans-Jurgen Schlamp and Stefan Simons (24 ??????? 2009). "The Credibility Trap ? Europe's Center-Left Parties Stuck in a Dead End" . Der Spiegel . ??????????? 14 ????????? 2009 .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

"Leftist parties of the world" . Nico Biver. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 9 ?????????? 2010 . ??????????? 14 ????????? 2009 .

[1] Oliver H. Woshinsky. Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior . New York: Routledge, 2008, pp. 146.

[Oliver-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Oliver H. Woshinsky. Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior . New York: Routledge, 2008, pp. 143.

[3] Chris Armstrong. Rethinking Equality: The Challenge of Equal Citizenship . Manchester University Press, 2006, p. 89.

[4] John W. Cioffi and Martin Hopner (21 ?????? 2006). "Interests, Preferences, and Center-Left Party Politics in Corporate Governance Reform" (PDF) . Council for European Studies at Columbia University. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 5 ???????? 2010 . ??????????? 14 ????????? 2009 .

[5] Manfred Ertel, Hans-Jurgen Schlamp and Stefan Simons (24 ??????? 2009). "The Credibility Trap ? Europe's Center-Left Parties Stuck in a Dead End" . Der Spiegel . ??????????? 14 ????????? 2009 .

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