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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 [10] :  2070   [11] [12] :  4   [13] :  2   [14] [15] :  Implications  
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]
  3. ↑ "About RT (formerly corporate profile)" . RT International (??????????) . ??????????? 14 April 2017 .
  4. ↑ "Contact info" . RT International (??????????) . ??????????? 14 April 2017 .
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Moore, Matthew (10 February 2018). "Company behind Grenfell YouTube film has links to Kremlin" . The Times . ??????????? 25 January 2021 .
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 O'Sullivan, Donie; Griffin, Drew; Devine, Curt; Shubert, Atika (February 18, 2019). "Russia is backing a viral video company aimed at American millennials" . CNN . ??????????? July 30, 2020 .
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 File:ANO TV-Novosti (Federal Tax Service of Russia, Unified State Register of Legal Entities).pdf
  9. ↑ Pisnia, Natalka (2017-11-15). "Why has RT registered as a foreign agent with the US?" . BBC News (??????????). Washington . ??????????? 2022-03-02 .
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Haigh, Maria; Haigh, Thomas; Kozak, Nadine I. (26 October 2018). "Stopping Fake News" . Journalism Studies . Routledge . 19 (14): 2062?2087. doi : 10.1080/1461670X.2017.1316681 . ISSN   1461-670X . S2CID   152142122 . ??????????? 1 March 2022 – ?????? Taylor & Francis .
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Golovchenko, Yevgeniy; Hartmann, Mareike; Adler-Nissen, Rebecca (1 September 2018). "State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: citizen curators of digital disinformation" . International Affairs . Oxford University Press . 94 (5): 975?994. doi : 10.1093/ia/iiy148 . ISSN   0020-5850 . ??????????? 20 March 2021 . Particularly in the wake of the crisis in Ukraine that erupted in 2013?2014, the Kremlin has been accused of orchestrating disinformation campaigns against the Ukrainian government and western countries by using online trolls and state-controlled online outlets such as RT (formerly known as Russia Today), Sputnik and Life News.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hellman, Maria; Wagnsson, Charlotte (3 April 2017). "How can European states respond to Russian information warfare? An analytical framework" (PDF) . European Security . Taylor & Francis . 26 (2): 153?170. doi : 10.1080/09662839.2017.1294162 . S2CID   157635419 . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 23 Apr 2021 . ??????????? 23 Sep 2022 – ?????? Charles University .
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Al-Rawi, Ahmed (12 February 2021). "How did Russian and Iranian trolls' disinformation toward Canadian issues diverge and converge?" . Digital War (??????????). Palgrave Macmillan . 2 (1?3): 21?34. doi : 10.1057/s42984-020-00029-4 . ISSN   2662-1983 .
  14. ↑ Denton, Allison (16 April 2019). "Fake News: The Legality of the Russian 2016 Facebook Influence Campaign" (PDF) . Boston University International Law Journal . Boston University School of Law . 37 : 209. Additionally, the U.S. is not the only country that has been targeted by Russian influence campaigns. Russia has been accused of conducting another influence campaign prior to the 2017 French election between Marine Le Pen (Russia's pick) and Emmanuel Macron. Before the election, Kremlin-controlled news sources Russia Today (RT) and Sputnik reported that Macron was secretly gay, and that he was backed by a “very rich gay lobby.”
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Nassetta, Jack; Gross, Kimberly (30 October 2020). "State media warning labels can counteract the effects of foreign misinformation" . Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review . Harvard University : Harvard Kennedy School . doi : 10.37016/mr-2020-45 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 . However, when it comes to disinformation from state-controlled media sources platforms’ options are more limited. Most often channels like Russia's RT and Iran's PressTV do not technically violate a platform's terms of service and so cannot be removed. However, they still play a vital role in the disinformation ecosystem. Not only do they put out disinformation through their websites and social media channels, they are key nodes in coordinated campaigns, as well. For instance, the content originally posted on RT will be reposted down a chain of websites until it appears to be an organic article on an American outlet (Nimmo, 2017).
  16. ↑ Fisher, Max (13 June 2013). "In case you weren't clear on Russia Today's relationship to Moscow, Putin clears it up" . The Washington Post . ??????????? 31 July 2016 .
  17. ↑ Nimmo, Ben (8 January 2018). "Question That: RT's Military Mission" . Atlantic Council-Digital Forensic Research Lab . medium.com . ??????????? 13 March 2018 .
  18. ↑ "Журнал Стандарт / №09(80) сентябрь 2009Вести с эфирного фронта | ComNews" . www.comnews.ru . ??????????? 2022-05-15 .
  19. ↑ "Archive of the official site of the 2008?2012 Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin" . Government of Russia .
  20. ↑ Перечень системообразующих организаций, утвержденный Правительственной комиссией по повышению устойчивости развития российской экономики [List of systemically important institutions approved by the Government Commission on Sustainable Development of the Russian Economy] (???????????). government.ru. ????????????????????? ????????? (DOC) ????? 27 December 2008 . ??????????? 18 March 2015 .
  21. ↑ Правительство РФ приняло перечень системообразующих организаций [The Russian government has adopted a list of backbone organizations]. RBK Group (???????????). ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 20 December 2013 . ??????????? 24 October 2014 .
  22. ↑ Sloss, David L. (12 April 2022). Tyrants on Twitter: Protecting Democracies from Information Warfare (??????????). Stanford University Press . ISBN   978-1-5036-3115-1 . ??????????? 3 March 2022 – ?????? Google Books . Ruptly, a subsidiary of RT that specializes in video, has 230,000 likes on Facebook, 52,000 Twitter followers, and 304,000 YouTube subscribers in the UK.
  23. ↑ Chobanyan, Karina (2020). Vartanova, Elena; Gladkova, Anna (?.?.). "Up for a challenge? Digital practices of 24-hour news channels" (PDF) . World of Media . Moscow State University (3): 50. ISSN   2686-8016 . ??????????? 3 March 2022 . RT, which owns Ruptly news agency, likes to post its raw footage of world events.
  24. ↑ Cohen, Howard (May 2018). "Tech Tock...: Time is Running Out to Find Solutions to Mis- and Disinformation and Privacy Problems" . Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (??????????). Harvard University : Harvard Kennedy School : 17?18 . ??????????? 3 March 2022 . Ruptly is a news agency created by Russian funded news channel RT in 2013 to rival Reuters and AP. [...] Finally, it is very transparent about following the same agenda as RT: "Ruptly builds on and extends the core strengths and values of our parent company RT."
  25. ↑ "Russia Uses State Television to Sway Opinion at Home and Abroad" . Der Spiegel . 30 May 2014 . ??????????? 22 March 2021 . Moscow is looking beyond the short-term, seeking to influence opinion in the long-run to create "an alternative discourse in Western countries as well," says Margarita Simonyan, editor in chief of Kremlin foreign broadcaster RT, formerly known as Russia Today, which owns Ruptly.
  26. ↑ "В Минске задержаны двое стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly" [Two stringers of video agency Ruptly detained in Minsk]. Interfax (???????????). 9 August 2020 . ??????????? 22 March 2021 . Двух стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly задержали в Минске, сообщил владелец сервиса, телеканал RT. [Two stringers of the Ruptly video agency were detained in Minsk, the owner of the service, RT TV channel, said.]
  27. ↑ Zara, Christopher (11 April 2019). "What is Ruptly? Julian Assange arrest video footage raises eyebrows about RT-owned outlet" . Fast Company . ??????????? 23 July 2021 .
  28. ↑ "RT's video agency Ruptly beats UK media to Julian Assange footage" . Press Gazette (?????????????????????). 11 April 2019 . ??????????? 21 October 2020 . The footage captured by Ruptly showed Assange for the first time in about a year, now sporting a long white beard. He could be heard shouting "the UK has no sovereignty" and "the UK must resist this attempt by the Trump administration…" as he was dragged out by five police officers and put into a van.
  29. ↑ Aro, Jessikka (6 March 2021). "Emilia Seikkanen Worked in a Trendy Video Start-Up in Berlin ? Tells All about the Kremlin's Global Information Operation" . Yle (??????????) . ??????????? 2 March 2022 . The company left out the essential information in its job vacancy advertisements: Ruptly is the subsidiary of the Russian state-funded media company RT, formerly Russia Today. It's located in the same office as RT's German media branch, named RT Deutsch.
  30. ↑ Harris, Shane ; Nakashima, Ellen (21 August 2020). "With a mix of covert disinformation and blatant propaganda, foreign adversaries bear down on final phase of presidential campaign" . The Washington Post . ??????????? 3 March 2022 .
  31. ↑ Birnbaum, Emily (25 February 2019). "Facebook restores previously suspended Russia-linked pages" . The Hill (??????????) . ??????????? 3 March 2022 .
  32. ↑ Langdon, Kate C.; Tismaneanu, Vladimir (9 July 2019). "Russian Foreign Policy: Freedom for Whom, to Do What?". Putin's Totalitarian Democracy: Ideology, Myth, and Violence in the Twenty-First Century (??????????). Springer International . pp. 189?224. ISBN   978-3-030-20579-9 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 – ?????? Google Books . Soviet-born British journalist Peter Pomerantsev documented the typical newsroom antics in one of Russia's largest propaganda outlets, RT News (formerly known as Russia Today). When his acquaintance composed a piece that referenced the Soviet Union's occupation of Estonia in 1945, the writer was chewed out by his boss, who maintained the belief that Russians saved Estonia. Any other descriptions of the events of 1945 were unacceptable assaults on Russia's integrity, apparently, so the boss demanded that he amend his text.
  33. ↑ Reire, Gunda (2015). "Euro-Atlantic values and Russia's propaganda in the Euro-Atlantic space" (PDF) . Rocznik Instytutu Europy ?rodkowo-Wschodniej . 13 (4). ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2021-11-04 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 – ?????? Center for International Studies. Nowadays, Russia attacks the Western value of rationality and uses the argument of "the second opinion" or plurality of opinions. The phrase "the second opinion" has even become the slogan of RT. For instance, this propaganda channel used the public opinion's contention as to the nature of the Iraq war, to sell itself as an impartial, objective media outlet in the USA. Overall, Russian propaganda involves a clash of political systems, which is more dangerous than the old-school Soviet propaganda.
  34. ↑ Benkler, Yochai ; Faris, Rob; Roberts, Hal (October 2018). "Epistemic Crisis" . Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation and Radicalization in American Politics . Oxford University Press . p. 358. doi : 10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001 . ISBN   978-0-19-092362-4 . OCLC   1045162158 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 . The emphasis on disorientation appears in the literature on modern Russian propaganda, both in inward-focused applications and in its international propaganda outlets, Sputnik and RT (formerly, Russia Today). Here, the purpose is not to convince the audience of any particular truth but instead to make it impossible for people in the society subject to the propagandist's intervention to tell truth from non-truth.
  35. ↑ Karlsen, Geir Hagen (5 August 2016). "Tools of Russian Influence: Information and Propaganda" . ?? Matlary, Janne Haaland ; Heier, Tormod (?.?.). Ukraine and Beyond: Russia's Strategic Security Challenge to Europe (??????????). Palgrave Macmillan . p. 199. doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-32530-9_9 . ISBN   978-3-319-32530-9 . ??????????? 28 February 2022 – ?????? Google Books . The propaganda apparatus proper consists of four means: media, social media, political communication and diplomacy, and covert active measures, all tied together in a coordinated manner. The main international media channel is the RT broadcaster and website, formerly known as Russia Today . It is complemented by Sputnik radio and website, news and video agencies, and the Russia Beyond the Headlines news supplement, making up a news conglomerate operating in almost 40 languages.
  36. ↑ I?ak, ?tefan (January 2019). "(Ab)using the topic of migration by pro-Kremlin propaganda: Case study of Slovakia" (PDF) . Journal of Comparative Politics (??????????). University of Economics in Bratislava / University of Ljubljana / Alma Mater Europaea . 12 (1): 58. ISSN   1338-1385 . ??????????? 28 February 2022 . Almost all important media in Russia are state controlled and used to feed Russian audience with Kremlin propaganda. For international propaganda Kremlin uses agencies like RT and Sputnik. Both are available in many language variations and in many countries (Hansen 2017). Aim of this propaganda is to exploit weak spots and controversial topics (in our case migration to the EU) and use them to harm integrity of the West (Pomerantsev and Weiss 2014).
  37. ↑ Oates, Sarah; Steiner, Sean (17 December 2018). "Projecting Power: Understanding Russian Strategic Narrative". Russia's Public Foreign Policy Narratives (PDF) . Russian Analytical Digest . 229. Vol. 17. University of Bremen : Research Centre for East European Studies . pp. 2?5. doi : 10.3929/ethz-b-000311091 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 – ?????? ETH Zurich . The analysis of Russian strategic narrative allows us to understand more clearly the logic in Russian propaganda found on English-language outlets such as RT and more effectively deter Russian information aggression.
  38. ↑ Ajir, Media; Vailliant, Bethany (Fall 2018). "Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory" . Strategic Studies Quarterly . 12 (3): 70?89. ISSN   1936-1815 . JSTOR   26481910 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 . The real-world repercussions of these objectives are identified through several forms of attack. The first is through disseminating official Russian state propaganda abroad via foreign language news channels as well as Western media. Most notable is the creation of the very successful government-financed international TV news channel, Russia Today (RT).
  39. ↑ Bicknell, Bob (11 December 2005). "Russian News, English Accent" . CBS News (?????????????????????) . ??????????? 11 March 2021 .
  40. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E (22 August 2010). "Russian Cable Station Plays to U.S." The New York Times .
  41. ↑ "Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught" . BBC. 2014.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 MacFarquhar, Neil (28 August 2016). "A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories" . The New York Times . ??????????? 29 August 2016 .
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Oremus, Will (2017-03-16). "Irony Dies Again as Russia Today Launches Fake-News Debunker" . Slate (??????????) . ??????????? 2021-12-17 .
  44. ↑ Golovchenko, Yevgeniy (11 December 2020). "Measuring the scope of pro-Kremlin disinformation on Twitter" . Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (??????????). Springer Nature . 7 (1): 1?11. doi : 10.1057/s41599-020-00659-9 . ISSN   2662-9992 . The impact of Russian state-controlled news outlets?which are frequent sources of pro-Kremlin disinformation?is concentrated in one, highly popular news outlet, RT. [...] When it comes to overt reach, the Russian government openly funds English-speaking outlets, such as Sputnik News and RT. These outlets serve as a frequent source of pro-Kremlin disinformation both according to scholars, fact-checkers and Western authorities (BBC, 2019; Elliot, 2019; Thornton, 2015).
  45. ↑ Walker, Christopher (2016). "The Hijacking of "Soft Power" " (PDF) . Journal of Democracy . Johns Hopkins University Press . 27 (1): 49?63. doi : 10.1353/jod.2016.0007 . S2CID   31802016 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 – ?????? National Endowment for Democracy . State or state-friendly media in Russia ? Life News, NTV, Channel One Russia, and Russia 24?disseminate not just the Kremlin's narratives but also outright fakery to domestic audiences and those in the Russian-speaking space. These outlets spread the same stories via social media as well. RT, meanwhile, pushes this manipulated content out to international audiences.
  46. ↑ Fletcher, Richard; Cornia, Alessio; Graves, Lucas ; Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (1 January 2018). "Measuring the reach of "fake news" and online disinformation in Europe" (PDF) . Australasian Policing . 10 (2) . ??????????? 25 February 2022 – ?????? Mediterraneo Cronaca. For comparative purposes, we also included two prominent Russian news sites which have featured in European policy discussions around disinformation, namely Russia Today (RT) and Sputnik. These Russian state-backed organisations are clearly different from sites that engage in for-profit fabrication of false news, but both independent fact-checkers and the EU's European External Action Service East Stratcom Task Force have identified multiple instances where these sites have published disinformation.
  47. ↑ Borges, Priscila Monteiro; Gambarato, Renira Rampazzo (29 January 2019). "The Role of Beliefs and Behavior on Facebook: A Semiotic Approach to Algorithms, Fake News, and Transmedia Journalism" . International Journal of Communication (??????????). USC Annenberg Press . 13 : 603?618. ISSN   1932-8036 . ??????????? 26 February 2022 . Notorious examples of fake news masquerading as news can be found in reports broadcast on the U.S. cable news channel Fox News (Schram & Fording, 2018) and the Russian international television network RT (Russia Today; Dowling, 2017). Thus, there are also a number of fake news reports published by traditional media outlets (White, 2017), generating a consequent increase in distrust for traditional journalism (Siddique, 2018).
  48. ↑ LoGiurato, Brett (30 April 2014). "Russia's Propaganda Channel Just Got A Journalism Lesson From The US State Department" . Business Insider . ??????????? 11 March 2021 .
  49. ↑ Crowley, Michael (1 May 2014). "Tit-for-Tat: Putin's Maddening Propaganda Trick" . Time . ??????????? 11 March 2021 .
  50. ↑ Plunkett, John (18 July 2014). "Russia Today reporter resigns in protest at MH17 coverage" . The Guardian . ??????????? 11 March 2021 .
  51. ↑ Brian Stelter (24 March 2014). "Putin TV in Chaos" . CNN.
  52. ↑ [10] :  2077   [11] [12] :  4   [13] :  11   [15] [42] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51]
  53. ↑ "Airwaves wobbly" . The Economist . 6 July 2010.
  54. ↑ Yablokov, Ilya (November 2015). "Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of Russia Today ( RT )" (PDF) . Politics . SAGE . 35 (3?4): 301?315. doi : 10.1111/1467-9256.12097 . S2CID   142728966 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 – ?????? University of Montenegro . Among the conspiratorial ideas that feature in RT ' s broadcasts, two types are of particular interest: the first includes genuinely American conspiracy theories; and the second includes ideas of conspiracy in relations between the US and Russia. The analysis of these two types of conspiracy theories offers an opportunity to explore how they are employed to undermine US domestic and foreign policies.
  55. ↑ Elswah, Mona; Howard, Philip N (1 October 2020). " "Anything that Causes Chaos": The Organizational Behavior of Russia Today (RT)" . Journal of Communication . Oxford University Press . 70 (5): 623?645. doi : 10.1093/joc/jqaa027 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 . Across our interviews, our respondents agreed that the goals of the channel since 2008 have been and still are as follows. First, to push the idea that Western countries have as many problems as Russia. Second, to encourage conspiracy theories about media institutions in the West in order to discredit and delegitimize them. This is clearly adherent to the channel's "Questions More" slogan. Third, to create controversy and to make people criticize the channel, because it suggests that the channel is important, an approach that would particularly help RT managers get more funding from the government.
  56. ↑ Byford, Jovan (2011). "Introduction" . Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction (??????????). Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 9?10. doi : 10.1057/9780230349216 . ISBN   978-1-349-32350-0 . ??????????? 21 March 2021 – ?????? Google Books . The channel has provided the likes of Alex Jones, Webster Tarpley, David Ray Griffin and Jim Marrs with the opportunity to promote, to an international audience, their ideas about the New World Order, 9/11, the Bilderberg group or the climate change conspiracy, all while being treated with absolute deference by the channel's journalists. Embedded video clips of appearances on Russia Today have become a regular feature on the websites of American conspiracy theorists, where they are brandished as a sign of credibility and mainstream recognition.
  57. ↑ Dukalskis, Alexander (2021). Making the World Safe for Dictatorship (??????????). Oxford University Press . ISBN   978-0-19-752014-7 .
  58. ↑ Gray, Rosie (13 March 2014). "How The Truth Is Made At Russia Today" . BuzzFeed News (??????????) . ??????????? 11 March 2021 .
  59. ↑ [53] [43] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]
  60. ↑ Zinets, Natalia; Prentice, Alessandra (19 August 2014). Balmforth, Richard (?.?.). "Ukraine bans Russian TV channels for airing war 'propaganda' " . Reuters . Robin Pomeroy (ed.) . ??????????? 12 December 2020 .
  61. ↑ Anstrate, Vita (30 June 2020). "Kremlin propaganda channel "RT" banned in Latvia" . Public Broadcasting of Latvia . ??????????? 30 June 2020 .
  62. ↑ "Radijo ir televizijos komisija u?draud? Lietuvoje retransliuoti RT programas" . lrt.lt (?????????????). 8 July 2020 . ??????????? 8 July 2020 .
  63. ↑ "Russia's RT channel blocked by German regulators" . Deutsche Welle . 2 February 2022 . ??????????? 23 February 2022 .
  64. ↑ Peter Zimonjic (16 March 2022). "CRTC bans Russian state-controlled TV channels RT, RT France from Canadian airwaves" . CBC News .
  65. ↑ Chmielewski, Dawn (1 March 2022). "Roku is removing RT from the Roku Channel Store in Europe ? source" . Reuters (??????????) . ??????????? 1 March 2022 .
  66. ↑ "Russian-backed RT channel to lose Sky TV slot in UK within 24 hours" . the Guardian (??????????). 2022-03-01 . ??????????? 2022-03-01 .
  67. ↑ "YouTube to block channels linked to Russia's RT and Sputnik across Europe" . Reuters . 1 March 2022 . ??????????? 1 March 2022 .
  68. ↑ Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Zakrzewski, Cat; De Vynck, Gerrit (1 March 2022). "Major social media platforms ban Russian state media in Europe" . The Washington Post . ??????????? 1 March 2022 .
  69. ↑ Newman, Jared (2022-03-01). "Here's which tech companies have?and haven't?banned Russia's state-sponsored RT media app" . Fast Company (?????????????????????) . ??????????? 2022-03-01 .
  70. ↑ Reuters (2022-02-28). "Microsoft to remove RT apps, ban Russian state-owned media ads" . Reuters (??????????) . ??????????? 2022-03-01 .
  71. ↑ Emerson, Sarah. "Apple Halted Product Sales In Russia And Disabled Apple Maps Features In Ukraine" . BuzzFeed News (??????????) . ??????????? 2022-03-01 .

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