??
???????? 2 ?????
?????
????? ??????
,
?????? ??????????
????? ???? (???? ???????) ???? ????? ???????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????????? (??????) ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????: ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????? ????? ???? ???????????????, ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????.
????? ?????????
??????
,
????????
,
??????
,
???????
,
?????????
,
????????
,
????????
, ?????? ?????????????.
?????? ????????
?????
??????? ?????????
???????, ? ???????? ????? ( n = 2 ) ???? ????? ????????? (????? ???????????, ????
2s
,
2p
???????????) ????????? ???????. ??????? 2 ??????? (???????, ?????????, ????????, ????????, ??????) ??????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? (??????, ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????). ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? - 2s ???????? ?????, 2p ??????????? ???.
???????? 2 ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????????? (
?????????
,
??????
) ????????<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwLQ"> </span>1 ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ???????????? ? ????? ??????? ??? s-?????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ????????????.
[1]
[2]
???????? 2 ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ??????? 2 ?? ???? ??????????????, ?????? ????? ?????????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????????????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ???????????.
[3]
???????? 2 ?? ???? ??????? ?????????
??????
????? ??????? (??????, ????????). ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ?????, ????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????. ???????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???) ?????????????. ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ????????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????
?????? ??????
,
[4]
?????? ??? ?????? ??????????
????? ????
.
[5]
???????? 2 ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????; ? ???????? ???? ??????, ???????? ???
2s ????????? ??????????
. ??????, ???????, ?????????, ????????, ????????, ?????? ???
2p ????????? ??????????
. ? ?????? ???????? 1, ???????? 3 ??? ???? ???????. ? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????,
??????? ??????????? ???????
???? ?????.
[5]
?????? (Li) ????? ?????? ????? 3 ??????
????? ????
. ??? ????????????
6
Li,
7
Li ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??????????? ??????, ??
?????????????
????????, ?????????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???
???????
Li
+
???????????. ??????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????,
[note 1]
? ????? ??????? ??? ???????.
[note 2]
????????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????-????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????
????
. 0.564 g?cm
?3
?????????
??????, ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????.
[6]
???? ??????????
??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? 33 ???. ????? ??????? ???? ??????? 20 - 70 ppm ???? ???????.
[7]
???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???
???????????
??????? ??????????.
[7]
???????? ????? ????? ?????
???????? (Be) ????? ?????? ????? 4 ?????? ????? ?????. ???????????? ???
9
Be ?????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????, ????? ????, ???????? 1.85 g?cm
?3
??????? ??????, ?????, ??????-???? ?????? ????, ???????, ???????,
????????
,
????? ??????? ????
.
[8]
??? ???????
???????? ???????
?????? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ????? ?????? ??????
???????
9
Be. ?????? 4 ??????????, 5 ???????????? ??????. ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? 100% ???????. ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???; ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????. ??????? ???????????, ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????, Be
2+
?????????? ?????????.
?????? (B) ????? ?????? ????? 5 ?????? ????? ?????. ???
10
B,
11
B ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????, ????? ???? ??????, ???? ???????
?????????????
????? ???? ??
???????????
??????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????????? ??????, ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????, ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? 2.34
-3
.
[9]
?????? ????? ?????? ??????
???????
80.22% ??
11
B. ?????? 5 ???????????, 6 ????????????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? 19.78% ??
10
B. ?????? 5 ???????????, 5 ????????????? ??????.
[10]
?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????; ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????. ?????? ???
????????
???????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? 1, 2, 3, 4 ???????? ???????? ???????.
[11]
?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????; ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? tourmaline,
????????
, Na
2
B
4
O
5
(OH)
4
·8H
2
O, ????????, Na
2
B
4
O
5
(OH)
4
·2H
2
O.
[9]
????????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
?????? ????????????
, (B
2
O
3
)??
??????????
???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????.
[9]
?????, ???????? - ??????? ????? ????? ????????
????????????
??????? ????? ?????? ????? 6 ?? ????? ????? ?????. ???
12
C,
13
C,
14
C ???????? ???????????? ??????????.
[12]
????????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???????, ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????,
??????
, ????????????, ??????? ???????.
[12]
???????? ?? ???????, ?????? ??????????, ????????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ????
????????
, ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????
????????
???????
???????? ?????
?????? ????. ??????, ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????, ?????????????
????????
???????. ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????. ??????????????, ? ??????? ?????,
????????
???????????? ????????????. ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????. ?????? ?????????? 98.9% ??
12
C, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??????.
[13]
??? ???????????, ??? ??????????????
13
C ???? ?????????? ???????. ???? ???? 1.1% .
[13]
14
C ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????, ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ???? 5730 ??????????; ??????
????????????? ???????
???? ??????????????. ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????. ??????? -4, ?2, +2 ???? +4 ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????.
[12]
???? ????????? ????????
????????? ????? ?????? ????? 7, ??????
N,
?????? ?????????? 14.00674 u ?????? ????? ?????. ????????? ????????? ????? ????????, ???? ????, ????????, ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????. ???
???? ????????
????????? 78.08% ???????. ????????? ????????? 1772 ??
[14]
???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ???????????? ??? ?????????-14, ?????????-15 ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????????.
[15]
?????????
,
???????? ??????
, ????????? ??????????? (????????????????, ?????? ?????????), ???????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ???, ??????, ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????
N
2
??????? ??????????
????????????
????????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????????, ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????.
???????? ????? ?????? ????? 8 ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ????????
16
O ?? ??????????.
17
O,
18
O ?? ???? ????????????.
???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? (??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ?????????). ??? ???? ???????????????, ?????, ????????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????. ????-???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????. ??? ??? ????????? ????
????? ??????
, ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????????????. ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ???????? (?????????, ???????, ????????? ???) ?????????????. ???? ????????? ??????????????? ????
?????????
?????????. ???:
??????? ?????????
,
?????????
, ??????, ???? ?????????. ?????? ????? ??????, ????????-?????? ???????? (??????? ??????????, ?????????, ??????????, ??????????, ?????????????) ????.
??????????? ????????????? ????????. ???????, ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????, ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????
?????????
??????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????, ???????????? ???? ?????, ?????????? ???? ???????, ??????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
????????? ???? ????????
???????? ????? ?????? ????? 9 ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????
19
F ??????
[16]
???????????? ????????????.
???????? ?????? ???????????????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???-????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ???????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ????, ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ????????????. ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ????, ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????. ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????, ?????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? - ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????????..
[17]
??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????, ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????.
?????? ?????????? ??????
?????? ????? ?????? ????? 10 ?????? ????? ?????, ???
20
Ne,
21
Ne,
22
Ne ???????? ???????????? ????????????.
[18]
?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ???????. ??? "???????? ????????" ??? ??????? ?????? ????.
?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????.
- ↑
Hydrogen is occasionally referred to as an alkali metal, although this is rare.
- ↑
See note 1.
- ↑
. "
Where to Put Hydrogen in a Periodic Table?
".
- ↑
"International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry > Periodic Table of the Elements"
. IUPAC
. Retrieved
2011-05-01
.
- ↑
Chemistry: Principles and reactions
.
- ↑
Grochala, Wojciech. "
On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements
".
- ↑
5.0
5.1
Gray, Theodore (2009).
The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe
. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers.
ISBN
978-1-57912-814-2
.
- ↑
Lithium
at WebElements.
- ↑
7.0
7.1
Kamienski et al. "Lithium and lithium compounds".
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online
2004
.
doi
:
10.1002/0471238961.1209200811011309.a01.pub2
- ↑
Beryllium
at WebElements.
- ↑
9.0
9.1
9.2
Boron
at WebElements.
- ↑
Properties
Archived
2018-09-26 at the
Wayback Machine
of boron.
- ↑
"Compound Descriptions: B
2
F
4
"
. Landol Bornstein Substance/Property Index. Archived from
the original
on 2021-10-29
. Retrieved
2007-12-10
.
- ↑
12.0
12.1
12.2
Carbon
at WebElements.
- ↑
13.0
13.1
Presentation about isotopes
Archived
2008-07-19 at the
Wayback Machine
by Mahananda Dasgupta of the Department of Nuclear Physics at Australian National University.
- ↑
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
(1965).
Elements of chemistry, in a new systematic order: containing all the modern discoveries
. Courier Dover Publications. p.
15
.
ISBN
0-486-64624-6
.
- ↑
Nitrogen
at WebElements.
- ↑
National Nuclear Data Center.
"NuDat 2.1 database ? fluorine-19"
.
Brookhaven National Laboratory
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-03-21
. Retrieved
2011-05-01
.
- ↑
"WebElements Periodic Table ≫ Fluorine ≫ the essentials"
.
www.webelements.com
.
- ↑
"Neon: Isotopes"
. Softciencias. Archived from
the original
on 2012-11-15
. Retrieved
2011-05-01
.