????? (??????)

?????????? ?????
( Lead ????? ?????????? ????????)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
?????,  00 Pb
A small gray metal cube surrounded by three gray metal nuggets in front of a light gray background
?????
Pronunciation / ? l ? d / ​ ( led )
Appearance metallic gray
Standard atomic weight A r °(Pb)
????? in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Sn
↑
Pb
↓
Fl
????? ← ????? → ???????
Group ???:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period period 6
Block   p-block
Electron configuration [ Xe ] 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at  STP solid
Melting point 600.61  K ​(327.46 °C, ​621.43 °F)
Boiling point 2022 K ​(1749 °C, ​3180 °F)
Density (near  r.t. ) 11.34 g/cm 3
when liquid (at  m.p. ) 10.66 g/cm 3
Heat of fusion 4.77  kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 179.5 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 26.650 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P   (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at  T   (K) 978 1088 1229 1412 1660 2027
Atomic properties
Oxidation state s ?4, ?2, ?1, 0, [3] +1, +2 , +3, +4 (an  amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.87
Atomic radius empirical: 175  pm
Covalent radius 146±5 pm
Van der Waals radius 202 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral line s of ?????
Other properties
Natural occurrence primordial
Crystal structure ​ face-centered cubic (fcc)
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for సీసము
Speed of sound thin rod (annealed)
1190 m/s (at  r.t. )
Thermal expansion 28.9 μm/(m?K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 35.3 W/(m?K)
Electrical resistivity 208 n Ω?m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic
Young's modulus 16 GPa
Shear modulus 5.6 GPa
Bulk modulus 46 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.44
Mohs hardness 1.5
Brinell hardness 5.0 HB = 38.3 MPa
CAS Number 7439-92-1
History
Discovery Middle East erns ( 7000 BC )
Symbol "Pb": from Latin plumbum
Isotopes of ?????
Template:infobox ????? isotopes does not exist
  Category: ?????
| references

????? ?????? ?????? ???????? 14 ? ????????? ?????? ????? [4] .14 ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? 82 .????? ????? ????? ????? Pb. ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? (plumbum) ??????. ???????? ?????, 5? ???????????????Pb ??? ? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????. ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????.

???????

[ ?????? ]

????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? (catalhoyuk)?? ????.??.6400???? ????? ?????? ??????????? [5] . ???????? ????.?.650 ?????? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????, ????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????.200??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????. [4] ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? , ????????? ????? ?????????????.17 ? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? (plumbum nigrum:???? ????), ???????? ?????? ??????? (plumbum candidum:?????? ?????)??? ??????????.

??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????,????????,???????, ??????????? ????? ????????. [6] ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (plumbum nigrum:???? ????)???,?????????????? ????? (‘plumbum album)????????????????.

????? -?????

[ ?????? ]

????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????.????? ???? ????????? ?????????????(hot subdwarfs) [7] ????????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????????? ????? , ????? , ???? ???????????? ????????, [8] ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? (galena;PbS), ?????? 86.6% ???? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????(cerussite:PbCO 3 ), ?????? ???? (PbSO 4 ) [9] , (Pb 3 O 4 ). ???? ????????? 1.4×10 1 ??.?????/????;????????? 3×10-5??.?????/???????. [10]

????? ????? ???????

[ ?????? ]

????? ?? ??? ????? . ??? ???????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??? ?????? (post-transition metal). ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????????????? ???????? - ????? ? ?????????? ???????????.??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? 11.34 ??????/???.?? 3 . ???? ????????(??????? ????????? ????)??????? 10.66 ???????? /???.?? 3 . ?????? ?????????? 207.21 , ????? ??????? ?????????????????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? 327.46°C . ????? ????? ????? ?????? 1749°C . ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????, ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????????.

????? ????? ????? ????????????? [6]

????? ?????? ???????
????? ??????? ?????????
????? ?????? ??????
?????? ???? 207.2
???????? ??????? 327.46 o C, 600.61 K
????? ??????? 1750 o C, 2023 K
???????????????? 82
?????????? 82
???????,20°C???? 11.34 g/cm 3

???????????? (??????? ????????? ????)??????? 10.66 ????????/???.?? 3 . ?????? ?????????? 207.21, ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????????????327.46 °C . ?????????? ??????????? 1749 °C.

??????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? [11]

  • ?????? ????:??????????,???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????.
  • ???????? ?? ????:??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????.??????? ???? ????????.??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????????,?????????????? ??????????? ??????.

lead + oxygen ?> lead (II) oxide

2Pb (s) + O 2 (g) ?> 2PbO (s)

??? ???????? ????
  • ????????????????????: ????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????.??????? ???? ????????, ????????? ?????? ????????.

lead + hydrochloric acid ?> lead chloride + hydrogen Pb (s) + 2HCl (aq) ?> PbCl 2 (aq) + H2 (g)

  • ???????????? ?????:??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????.??????? ???? ???????, ????????? ?????? ?????????.

lead + sulphuric acid ?> lead sulphate + hydrogen

Pb (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ?> PbSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g)

  • ?????????????:??? ????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????.??????? ???? ????????, ????????? ?????? ?????????.

lead + nitric acid ?> lead nitrate + hydrogen

Fe (s) + 2HNO 3 (aq) ?> Fe (NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)

?????????(Isotopes)

[ ?????? ]

????? 4 ?????????? ?????, ????? ??????? 82 ??????????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???????? ?????. 208 Pb ??????? 126 ????????????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????. ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? (????????? ???? ????????????)?????. 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82,, 126 (sequence A018226 in OEIS)?? ???????? ???????. 126 Pb ??????? 126 ????????????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?? ???????? ?????. 208 Pb ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???????.

???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? [12]

??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????
204 Pb 204 >= 1.4×10 +17 ?????? 1.4%
206 Pb 206 ?????? 24.0%
207 Pb 207 ?????? 22.1%
208 Pb 208 ?????? 52.4%

????????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ?????????????????? ???????. ????????, ????-???? ???????? ???????, [13] ???????,????? ??????? ??????????????.?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ???????,, ?????????/???????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????.

???? ??? ????????

[ ?????? ]

???????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????, ????????? ???????. ???? ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????? ????, ?????? , ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? .

??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????.?????? ??????????? ??????,????????????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ???????, ??????, ????????????? ?????, ????????????? ????????, ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? [8]

??????????

[ ?????? ]
  • 3కిలోల తూకపురాయి
    3????? ?????????
  • ద్రవస్థితినుండి తాజాగా ఘనీభవించిన సీసము
    ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????
  • గలెనా (Galena),సీసము ముడిఖనిజం
    ????? (Galena),????? ?????????
  • రెడియేసనురక్షణకై చేసిన సీసపు ఇటుకలు/ఫలకలు
    ???????????????? ????? ????? ??????/?????
  • రోమను కాలంనాటి సీసపు గొట్టం,కుళాయి
    ????? ???????? ????? ??????,??????
  • రోమనుల స్నానపు గదులో సీసపు గొట్టం
    ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
  • 8వ శతాబ్దికి చెందిన, సీసంనుపయోగించి పలురంగులను చిత్రికరించిన పింగాణి పాత్ర
    8? ????????? ??????, ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????
  • Punched lead cast in a Venice bridge wall fixing the hard-metal connecting bar
    Punched lead cast in a Venice bridge wall fixing the hard-metal connecting bar

??????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Lead" . CIAAW . 2020.
  2. ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ????????). doi : 10.1515/pac-2019-0603 . ISSN   1365-3075 .
  3. ↑ Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and carbon monoxide ; see Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu (2005). "Observation of the lead carbonyls Pb n CO (n=1?4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon" . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505 . 122 (3): 34505. Bibcode : 2005JChPh.122c4505J . doi : 10.1063/1.1834915 . ISSN   0021-9606 . PMID   15740207 .
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Lead" . www.rsc.org . Retrieved 2015-03-29 .
  5. ↑ Heskel, Dennis L. (1983). "A Model for the Adoption of Metallurgy in the Ancient Middle East" . Current Anthropology . 24 (3): 362?366. doi : 10.1086/203007 .
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Lead Element Facts" . chemicool.com . Retrieved 2015-03-29 .
  7. ↑ Anil Ananthaswamy (Aug 2, 2013). "Giant clouds of lead glimpsed on distant dwarf stars" . New Scientist .
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Lead" . niehs.nih.gov . Retrieved 2015-03-29 .
  9. ↑ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Blei". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91?100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 801?810. ISBN   3-11-007511-3 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
  10. ↑ "The Element Lead" . education.jlab.org . Retrieved 2015-03-29 .
  11. ↑ "Lead, Pb" . sciencepark.etacude.com . Retrieved 2015-03-29 .
  12. ↑ "Isotopes of the Element Lead" . education.jlab.org . Retrieved 2015-03-29 .
  13. ↑ "lead" . infoplease.com . Retrieved 2015-03-29 .
" https://te.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_(??????)&oldid=4095035 " ????? ????????????