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( Californium ????? ?????????? ????????)
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????????????,  00 Cf
A very small disc of silvery metal, magnified to show its metallic texture
????????????
Pronunciation / ? k æ l ? ? f ?ːr n i ? m / ​ ( KAL- ? -FOR- nee -?m )
Appearance silvery
Mass number [251]
???????????? in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Dy
↑
Cf
↓
(Upn)
berkelium ← ???????????? → einsteinium
Group ???:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period period 7
Block   f-block
Electron configuration [ Rn ] 5f 10 7s 2 [1]
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at  STP solid
Melting point 1173  K ​(900 °C, ​1652 °F) [2]
Boiling point 1743 K ​(1470 °C, ​2678 °F) (estimation) [3]
Density (near  r.t. ) 15.1 g/cm 3 [2]
Atomic properties
Oxidation state s +2, +3 , +4, +5 [4] [5]
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.3 [6]
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 608 kJ/mol [7]
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral line s of ????????????
Other properties
Natural occurrence synthetic
Crystal structure ​ simple hexagonal
Simple hexagonal crystal structure for కాలిఫోర్నియం
Mohs hardness 3?4 [8]
CAS Number 7440-71-3 [2]
History
Naming after California , where it was discovered
Discovery Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1950)
Isotopes of ????????????
Template:infobox ???????????? isotopes does not exist
  Category: ????????????
| references

????? ???????

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???????????? ?? ??????? ????? . ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? f, 7 ? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????.

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????? ????????????????? ???????? ??.???????, ???????? ????????, ??.????????? ??????,, ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????? 1950, ???????? 9, ? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.? ?????????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? 1950 ?????? 17 ? ???????????.1950 ?????? ?????????? 6 ? ???????????????? ????? ????????????. [12] [13]

????????

[ ?????? ]

? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????????-242 ( 242 96 Cm) ?? 1.52 ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????, 35 Mev-??????????? ( 42 He ) ?? ?????????? ??? ????????????-245 ( 245 98 Cf) ???????, ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. [14]

242 96 Cm + 42 He → 245 98 Cf + 10n

? ????????? ????? 700, 000 ????????? ??????????? ????????????-245 ???????? ????????, ? ????????? ????????????? ????? 44 ???????? ???????. [12] ??????? ??????????? 27?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????.

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? ?????????, ???????? ??????????? ??????????????,, ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????. [14]

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?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????,, ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ??? ????? 249, 252, 253,, 254 ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????.

????????

[ ?????? ]

???????????? ??????????? ????????????, ?????????? ????????????/?? ???????? ?????? (particle accelerators) ??? ???????? ????????. ?????????? -249 ( 249 97 Bk) ?? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???, ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? -250 ( 250 97 Bk) ??????, ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????-250 ????????.

249 97 Bk ( n, γ) 250 97 Bk → 250 98 Cf + β?

????????????-250 ?? ???????????? ????? ???????? /?? ?????????? ??? ????????????-251, -252 ????????. ????????? , ???????? ,, ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????/ ?????????? (irradiation) ?? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????????-252, ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? -249 ???????? ?????

2006 ?? ???????? ????????? 244-248??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????/ ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????????-252, ?????? ????????? ???????????? 249 - 255??? ???????????. ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????,, ????? ???? (???????? ??????) ???????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????.

????? ???????

[ ?????? ]

???????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????. [15] ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? 98. ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? Cf. ?????? ???? 271. ???????? ?????????? ??????????? (actinide) ??????????? ?????? ????.?????? ??????????? ???????? [Rn] 5f 10 7s 2 . [13] ??? ?? ????????????????? ?????, ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. . ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? 6 ? ???????????????? ?????.

???????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? . ? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? 900 ± 30 °C,, ????? ?????? (?????) 1, 745 °C. ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????, ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????. [12] 51 K (-220 C) ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????.????? 48 -66K ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????, 160K ??? (-113 to172 C ) ?????????????? (??????????) ???????? ????? ???????.? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????.

???????????? ????????? ????????? ????? (1 atm =1 ????) ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????..??? ????? (α), (β) ?????????. 900°C???? ?????? ??????????? α ????? ??????? ??, 900 °C ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????.????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????, ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ???????????? ??????? 15.10 ???????? /???.?? 3 .???? ???????????? ??????? 8.74 ????????/???.?? 3 . 48 GPa ??????? ???? 5 f ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.

??????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

???????????? ?????? ??? ?????/ (?????) ????????? 4, 3, ???? 2, ???? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? 4, 3, ???? 2 ??????????? ???? ????? ???????.???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? , ????????? ,, ??????? ( ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????) ????????? ??????? ???????????????????. ???? ?????????,, ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????. ???????????? ??????, ???????????? (III) ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ? ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ???? ????????, ??????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?? ????????. ???????? ?? ????????, ????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? (?????? ??????) ?????????.

???????????? ??????????

[ ?????? ]
?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????
(+2) ???????????? (II) ???????? CfBr 2 ?????
(+2) ???????????? (II) ??????? CfI 2 ?????? ???????
(+3) ???????????? (III) ??????? Cf2O 3 ?????-???????
(+3) ???????????? (III) ???????? CfF 3 ???????????? ???????
(+3) ???????????? (III) ???????? CfCl 3 ????? ????
(+3) ???????????? (III) ??????? CfI 3 ????? ?????
(+4) ???????????? (IV) ??????? CfO 2 ????? ??????
(+4) ???????????? (IV) ???????? CfF 4 ????

?????????

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20 ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????.?????? ????????????-251 ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? 898 ??????????, ????????????-249 ?????????? 351 ??????????, ????????????-250 ???? ?????? 13.08 ?????, ????????????-252 ?????????? 2.645 ?????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? 20 ??????? ???? ??????. ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? 237 ????? 256 ???? ??????.

??????????-249 ??????? ??????????????? ????????????-249 ??????? ????????.??????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????????????.????????????-252 ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????. ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????????. ???????????? -252 ??????? ????? ???????? (???? ????? ???????????, ????? ????????????? ???????????) ????????????. ???????? ?????? 96.9% ??? ???????? ????????-248 ?? ???????? ??????????, ??????? 3.1% ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????. ?? ?????? ?????? (μg) ????????????-252??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????, 170 ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????, [15] ????? 3.7 ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 CRC 2006 , p. 1.14.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 CRC 2006 , p. 4.56.
  3. ↑ Joseph Jacob Katz; Glenn Theodore Seaborg; Lester R. Morss (1986). The Chemistry of the actinide elements . Chapman and Hall. p. 1038. ISBN   9780412273704 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 .
  4. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N. ; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann . p. 1265. ISBN   0080379419 .
  5. ↑ Kovacs, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marcalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem . 57 (15). American Chemical Society: 9453?9467. doi : 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450 . OSTI   1631597 . PMID   30040397 . S2CID   51717837 .
  6. ↑ Emsley 1998 , p. 50.
  7. ↑ CRC 2006 , p. 10.204.
  8. ↑ CRC 1991 , p. 254.
  9. ↑ Greenwood 1997 , p. 1265.
  10. ↑ CRC 2006 , p. 11.196.
  11. ↑ NNDC contributors (2008). Sonzogni, Alejandro A. (Database Manager) (ed.). "Chart of Nuclides" . National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 2010-03-01 .
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Californium Element Facts" . chemicool.com . Retrieved 2015-04-24 .
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Californium" . rsc.org . Retrieved 2015-04-24 .
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "The Element Californium" . education.jlab.org . Retrieved 2015-04-24 .
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Californium" . lenntech.com . Retrieved 2015-04-24 .
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