18431843
???????????? ????????
????? ?????? ?????????.
- ?????? 24
: ????????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????????.
- ?????? 25
: ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????.
[1]
- ??????? 7
: ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????????.
- ???? 11
: ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????????
- ?????? 13
: ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
- ???? ???????: ?????? ????, ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????.
[2]
- ???? ???????: ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????.
[3]
- ???? ???????:
???????? ???
?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ??? 1932 ???? ??????????.
- ???? ???????:
??????
????
??????? ??????
Robert Koch BeW
- ???? 2
:
???????? ???????
, ????????? ????? ????????? (?. 1755)
- ???????? 18
: ????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? (?. 1748) ]
- ???? ???????: ?????? ?????? ????? - ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????. (?.1798)
???????????
[
??????
]
- ↑
Penguin Pocket On This Day
. Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
ISBN
978-0-14-102715-9
.
- ↑
Joule, J. P. (1843).
"On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat"
.
Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London
.
5
: 839.
doi
:
10.1098/rspl.1843.0196
.
- ↑
Meggs, Philip B. (1998).
A History of Graphic Design
(3rd ed.). Wiley. p.
147
.
ISBN
978-0-471-29198-5
.
It receives
???:US Patent
in
1847
and is placed in commercial use the same year.
- ↑
????? (?????) ????????, ???????? (1843-1907), 20? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????? ????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????, ?????????, 2005, ????: 11 - 12.
