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????? ???????? ??????????, ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????. ( ?????????? )
????????? ???? '?????'. ? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????.

?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. [note 1] ?????? '????? ?????' ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????????. [6] ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????????? . ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????, ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????????. [7] ????????, ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. [8] ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????. [9] [10] ? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????. [11] [12] ??????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? 905 ????????? ????????, ?????? ???? ???????????????. [13] ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? , ??????? , ??????? , ?????????? , ???????? , ??????? , ???? , ??????? , ????? , ?????????? , ?????? , ??????? , ????? , ???? ??????????.

???????? ??? ???? ???????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????? ????????????. ? ?????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???????? , ???????? , ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ??? ???????????, ??????????, ??????????????. ???? ????????, ??????, ???????? , ??? ??????????????? ??????? , ???????? ???? ??????????. ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????. [14]

? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????, ???????????? ????????????????.

?? ???????????

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????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????" ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? (??? ????? ?? ???????) ??? ?????????. ?????????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????. ? ??? ??????? ???????? ( ????? ??? ???) ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????.

??????????

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???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????. ? ????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????, ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????. [15] ????? (???? ???????, ??????), ??????, ?????? (?????? ????? ????????),, ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????.

????? ???? ??????? ???????????? 4 ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? . ??? ?????, ?????, ????, ??????.

?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????, ???? ??????, ????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? . ( ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? )

??? ????

[ ?????? ]

??????? " ???????" (??????? /?? ???????) ??????? ???????????.???????? ???????? . ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? (???? ?????????) ????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ????????? ???? "???? " ???? ? ??????????? ????????. ? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????????? " ??????? ??????? " ( ???????, ????? ???? ???????) ??? ?????? . ????? ??? ???????, ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? "??????? " ?????????. ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ( ???? ) ?????????. ??????? ??? ????????? "???? ???????"?? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????????.

??? ???????? : ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????. ? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????. ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? " ??????????? ?????? " ??????.

????????? : ???????? ??? ???? (????? ????) ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????.

?????? : ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ? ?????????? "?????? ????". ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????.

?????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? - ???? ???????????, ????????????. [16] ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? (???????). ??????????. ??? ??????. [17] ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. [18] ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? (??????????? ????????) ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????. [16] [19] [20]

?????? , ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ???? ????. ????????? ????????? ????? ????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????. [21] ??????? ???? ???????? "???????????" [22] ), Bhagavan ("The Auspicious One" [22] ), or Parameshwara ("The Supreme Lord" [22] ). [17] ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? "??????", "????????", "????????", "??????" ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????. [17] [23] ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????????. [24]

????? ????? ????????????, ??????? ????, ?????? ????, ??????, ???????, ????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ???????.

?????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????. ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ??????)???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????, ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????. ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????????????.

??????????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ???? ????, ???????? ????? ????. ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ? ??????? ???????????, ???????? , ?????? , ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? , ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????.

????????, ????????

[ ?????? ]
???? ???????? , ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???

????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????, ??? ?????????, ??????????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????, ????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. [25] [26] ????????? ????????????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ????????? , ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????.

????, ??????, ??????

[ ?????? ]

???? ???? ??????????????? ?????, ??? ????????, ????, ????????? ?????? ??? ????????. ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????, ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ?????? (???? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ????) ? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????,, ????? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????, ? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????. ????, ?????????, ???????, ?????, ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????? ???????? ??????, ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????.

???????? ???????:

" ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????." ( ???????? ????? ???????? 22 ? ???????) ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ???????.

????? ???????? ??????. ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????????. ???? ???? ????????????, ?????????? ?????, ???? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ?????????. ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ???????? "???????" ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? " ???????? ???? ??????", ???????? ??????? " ?????? ?? ?????????" ??? ?????.

???? ???????

[ ?????? ]
??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????: ?????? , ???????? , ?????? .
?????? ??????: ????????????

???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????????: ??? ??????, ?????? ???????.

?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????????. ???

  1. " ????? ": ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
  2. " ?????? ": ?? ??????, ??????
  3. " ??????": ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????
  4. " ??????? ": ????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? [27] [28]

?????? ??????, ?????? ???????????. [28] ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????, ???????? ????????????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????.

?????

[ ?????? ]

???????? ????????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????. ???????? , ??? ???????? , ????? ???????? , ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????????? (??????, ????? , ???? ????????)??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????. [29]

?? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????. ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ????? ????, ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????.

????? ????? ???? ???????, ???????? ????? ???????, ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????, ????????, ???????????, ??????? ???????. [29] [30] [31]

??????

[ ?????? ]
?????? ??????: ????? ?? ??????
?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????.

??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. (???.??. 5500?2600). [32] [33] [34] [35] (???.??.1500?500) ???????? ?????? ??????? '????????? ????? ?????'?? ????????? ??????.

????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? 1700?1100 BCE ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????. [36] ??????? ???????? , ??????? , ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. ??????????? ???? ??????????, ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. [37]

????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? , ???????? 500?100 BCE , [38] ?????? ??????????????????. [39] ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????. ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????????, ??????????, ??????????? ?????? ?????????.

????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? - ??????????? , ??? ???? , ????? ???? [40] ?????? ????? ??????????, ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. [ ????? ?????? ] . ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????????. [41] ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? (???.??. 300 ????? ??.?. 200 ????). ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????????. [42] ?????? ??.?.??. 6? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????. [43] ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??. ?. ??. 400 ????? ??.?. 1000 ?????? ????????. [44]

??.?. 7? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. [43] ? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???????????????? , ????????????? , ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????. [43] [45]

????????? (?????)

[ ?????? ]

?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????, ??????, ???? ?????? (??????????)??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????.

??????, ?????? ????????

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????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. [46] [47] ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. [32] [48] ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????????????? , ?????? ????????? ????????????.

???????????????????, ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????????. ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????????., ?????????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ?????????????; ???? ???????? ????. ????? ? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ????????. ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? . ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? . ?????????????????? ???????. ??? ????????, ??????, ???????????? ??????????. ??????? , ???????? , ??????????????? , ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ? ??????????? ?????, ??????, ????????, ??????, ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????.???? ????????????? ????????? ?????????.?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? . ???? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ??????????.

????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????. ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. [47] [49] ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. [46] [50] [51] [52] ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????.

?????? ??????. ??? (1) ???????? , (2) ???????? , (3) ?????????? , (4) ??????????? .????????????? ????????????, ?????????? ????????. ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ?????????? , ????????? , ??????????? . ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????, ??????????? ???????,, ????????, ??????????? ?????? ???????????????. [32] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]

?? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????. ?????? ???????, ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????. ???? ???? ?????? , ???????? , ??? ???????? , ???? ?????? , ??? ?????????? , ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????????.

?????? ????????

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????????????,, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ????, ??? ???????? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????. ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????. ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ? ??????????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ??????????. [58] ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????????? ???????????????.

?????????? ??????????? , ?????????? , ????????????,, ?????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ????????????, ??????????,, ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????????. ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ???? ????? , ????? , ??? ??? ????????? ??????????.

????? ???? ???????? ??????????????, ????????????, ????????????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? , ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????????. ???????? ' ??????? ' ??????? (????????? ?????????? ????)?? ????????? ??????? ???????????????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????.

????????, ???????, ???? ???? ??????

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???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? , ???????? , ??? ???????, ?????? ??????????, ????? ????, ?????? , ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????????. ? ???????, ????????? ?????, ????????? ?????,, ?????????? ????? ???????????. ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????????, ????????????? ????????? ??????????????????. [59] ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. [60]

???????????, ??????, ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????. ??????????, ??? ????????????? ????????,, ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????. ??????????? ???? ??????. ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????. [61] [62]

???????, ???????

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????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? , ????????? , ??????? , ???????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????,?? ?????, ???????????? ???? ?????? , ??????? (?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????), ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ???? , ????????? , ?????? , ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????. ? ???? ???????? , ????????? , ?????? , ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ?????????????? ????? ?????? (????????,, ???????? ???????). ?????? ?????????? ???????????.

????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? , ??????? , ?????? ????? , ???????????? , ??????? ???? , ??????????????? , ???? ???????? ????????? ???????.

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????? ????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????????? ????????. ?????????? ????????????, ??????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????, ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????.??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????,??? ?????????,??????????? ???????????. ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????.? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????. ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ????????? ????, ?????, ????? ??????????????. ????? ????? ???????????? ???????????. ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????.??????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????. ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ????? ????????.????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????.????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????. ??????? ????? ????? ????????? . ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ??????????????. ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????.? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????.???????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????.?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????.????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????.?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????.??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????, ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????.????? ????? ???????, ??????,????????, ?????? ????????. ?????????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ??????, ????? , ???????, ?????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.

????????

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???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????.

??????? ???????????????? , ????????????, ????????????, ???????????, ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??. ??????? ?????????????? . ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ????????? (?????) ?????????? ??????????. ???? ??????????????,????????, ????????,???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? . ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ?? ???????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. [63]

???????

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????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ????, ???????? ?????, ??????????? , ???? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ?????????, ????????????, ???? ????????? ??????????. [64] [65] ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ???????????? ???? ????????,, ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????. ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ???????? ???-????, ????-????,???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????????, ???????, ?????????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????. [64]

???? ???????, ??? ???????

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????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????.

? ???? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????. [66] [67] ??????? (10.90)?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.

??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????. [68] ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ????. [69] [70]

??????? ????? , ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????????.. [71] ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????.

"???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????.... ????? ???? ???? ???????????, ??????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????." [72]

?????, ????????

[ ?????? ]

????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????. [73] ? ????? ??? ??? ????????? [74] ??? ????????????. ???? ??? ???????? [75] ????, ?????? ???????????? ? ??? ??????? ????????? ????. [76]

??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? 20% ???? ????? 42% ???? ????????????????. [77] 30% ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ??????????? ????? ???????????. [78] [79] ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ???????, ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????.

???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ??? ????, ?????? ??????? ????,, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????,???????????? ??????? ??????????. ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????. [80]

??? ?????

[ ?????? ]

????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????????????. [81] ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????, ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. [81] ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. [82] ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ????, ??????????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????. [83] ???? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????. ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. [84] ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? , ??????? , ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????.

??? ???? ??????

[ ?????? ]

??????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ Kurien, Prema (2006). "Multiculturalism and American Religion: The Case of Hindu Indian Americans" . Social Forces . 85 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 723?741. doi : 10.1353/sof.2007.0015 . Retrieved 2016-05-13 .
  2. ↑ FL Bakker (1997). "Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments" . Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde . Deel 153, 1ste Afl. Brill: 15?41.
  3. ↑ [1] Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
  4. ↑ [2]
  5. ↑ Noble, Allen (1998). "South Asian Sacred Places". Journal of Cultural Geography (2). Routledge: 1?3. doi : 10.1080/08873639809478317 .
  6. ↑ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Ed. John Bowker. Oxford University Press, 2000; The term can be traced to late 19th century Hindu reform movements (J. Zavos, Defending Hindu Tradition: Sanatana Dharma as a Symbol of Orthodoxy in Colonial India , Religion (Academic Press), Volume 31, Number 2, April 2001, pp. 109-123; see also R. D. Baird, "Swami Bhaktivedanta and the Encounter with Religions," Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism , edited by Harold Coward, State University of New York Press, 1987).
  7. ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Hindu
  8. ↑ Kenoyer 1998 , pp. 180?183
  9. ↑ Frawley 2001
  10. ↑ "Religion: Hinduism" . MapMachine Student Edition . National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2007-04-16 . Retrieved 2007-04-10 .
  11. ↑ Osborne 2005 , p. 9
  12. ↑ Klostermaier 1994 , p. 1
  13. ↑ "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents" . Adherents.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-15 . Retrieved 2007-07-10 .
  14. ↑ The Gita Dhyanam is a traditional short poem sometimes found as a prefatory to editions of the Bhagavad Gita . Verse 4 refers to all the Upanishads as the cows, and the Gita as the milk drawn from them. ( Chidbhavananda 1997 , pp. 67?74 )
  15. ↑ Weightman 1998 , pp. 262?263
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Monier-Williams 1974 , pp. 20?37
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 & Bhaskarananda 1994
  18. ↑ Vivekananda 1987
  19. ↑ Werner 1994 , p. p37
  20. ↑ "??? ????? ??????" ??? ??????????.
  21. ↑ Werner 1994 , p. 7
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Monier-Williams 2001
  23. ↑ Sinha 1993
  24. ↑ Sen Gupta 1986 , p. viii
  25. ↑ Werner 1994 , p. 80
  26. ↑ Renou 1961 , p. 55
  27. ↑ Werner 1994
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Bhaskarananda 1994 , p. 7
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Bhaskarananda 1994
  30. ↑ ( Bhaktivedanta 1997 , ch. 11.54 )
  31. ↑ Monier-Williams 1974 , p. 116
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Nikhilananda 1990 , pp. 3?8
  33. ↑ Coulson 1992
  34. ↑ "Rigveda" . The Hindu Universe . HinduNet Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-08-10 . Retrieved 2007-06-25 .
  35. ↑ "Hindu History" . ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? '????? ?????? ???????'?? ???????????????????..
  36. ↑ T. Oberlies ( Die Religion des Rgveda , Vienna 1998. p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700?1100.
  37. ↑ The en:Rigveda deity Dyaus , regarded as the father of the other deities, is linguistically en:cognate with en:Zeus ?the king of the gods in en:Greek mythology , Iovis ( gen. of Jupiter) ?the king of the gods in en:Roman mythology , and Tiu/Ziu in Germanic mythology [3] , cf. English 'Tues-day'. Other Vedic deities also have cognates with those found in other Indo-European speaking peoples' mythologies; see en:Proto-Indo-European religion .
  38. ↑ Goldman 2007 , p. 23 .
  39. ↑ Rinehart 2004 , p. 28 .
  40. ↑ Olivelle, Patrick, "The renouncer tradition" , in Flood 2003 , pp. 273?274
  41. ↑ Eliot 2003
  42. ↑ Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967 , p. xviii?xxi .
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Basham 1999
  44. ↑ "The rise of Jainism and Buddhism" . Religion and Ethics?Hinduism: Other religious influences . BBC. 26 July 2004 . Retrieved 2007-04-21 .
  45. ↑ J.T.F. Jordens, “Medieval Hindu Devotionalism” in & Basham 1999
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Vivekananda 1987 , pp. 6?7 Vol I
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Vivekananda 1987 , pp. 118?120 Vol III
  48. ↑ Sargeant & Chappel 1984 , p. 3
  49. ↑ "Hindu Wisdom - Women in Hinduism" . Retrieved 2006-01-02 .
  50. ↑ Note: Nyaya-Vaisheshika believe that the Vedas were created by God, not eternal.
  51. ↑ Harshananda 1989
  52. ↑ Vivekananda 1987 , p. 374 Vol II
  53. ↑ "Hinduwebsite.com explaining the yajnas" . Retrieved 2007-06-25 .
  54. ↑ "Swami Shivananda's mission" . Retrieved 2007-06-25 .
  55. ↑ What is Veda? Archived 2008-06-21 at the Wayback Machine , Vedah.com
  56. ↑ Werner 1994 , p. 166
  57. ↑ Monier-Williams 1974 , pp. 25?41
  58. ↑ Bhaskarananda 1994 , p. 137
  59. ↑ "Religious Life" . Religions of India . Global Peace Works. Archived from the original on 2005-03-01 . Retrieved 2007-04-19 .
  60. ↑ "Domestic Worship" . Country Studies . The Library of Congress. September 1995. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13 . Retrieved 2007-04-19 .
  61. ↑ "Life-Cycle Rituals" . Country Studies: India . The Library of Congress. September 1995. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13 . Retrieved 2007-04-19 .
  62. ↑ Banerjee, Suresh Chandra. "Shraddha" . Banglapedia . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2007-04-20 .
  63. ↑ S.S. Rama Rao Pappu, "Hindu Ethics", in Rinehart 2004 , pp. 165?168
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Bhaskarananda 1994 , p. 112
  65. ↑ McGregor 1999
  66. ↑ Michaels 2004 , pp. 188?197
  67. ↑ "The Caste System" . Hindu Wisdom. August 15, 2006 . Retrieved 2007-07-17 .
  68. ↑ White Yajurveda 26.2
  69. ↑ Silverberg 1969 , pp. 442?443
  70. ↑ Smelser & Lipset 2005
  71. ↑ Elenanor Zelliot, "Caste in Contemporary India," in Rinehart 2004
  72. ↑ Nikhilananda 1992 , p. 155
  73. ↑ Monier-Williams, Religious Thought and Life in India (New Delhi, 1974 edition)
  74. ↑ Radhakrishnan, S (1929). Indian Philosophy, Volume 1 . Muirhead library of philosophy (2nd ed.). London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. p. 148.
  75. ↑ Brockington, John, "The Sanskrit Epics", in Flood (2003), p. 125.
  76. ↑ For text of Y.S. 2.29 and translation of yama as "vow of self-restraint", see: Taimni, p. 206.
  77. ↑ Surveys studying food habits of Indians include: "Diary and poultry sector growth in India" Archived 2018-08-17 at the Wayback Machine , "Indian consumer patterns" Archived 2009-06-19 at the Wayback Machine and "Agri reform in India" Archived 2006-12-28 at the Wayback Machine . Results indicate that Indians who eat meat do so infrequently with less than 30% consuming non-vegetarian foods regularly, although the reasons may be economical.
  78. ↑ Deep Vegetarianism (1999) by: Michael Allen Fox.
  79. ↑ Yadav, Y.; Kumar, S (August 14, 2006). "The food habits of a nation" . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 2006-10-29 . Retrieved 2006-11-17 .
  80. ↑ Krishnakumar, R. (September 12, 2003). "Beef without borders" . Frontline . Narasimhan Ram. Archived from the original on 2007-06-01 . Retrieved 2006-10-07 .
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "Does Hinduism Accept Newcomers?" . Retrieved 2006-11-14 .
  82. ↑ Bharatiya Janata Party History Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine The eternal religion's defining moment in time
  83. ↑ Brahmachari Siddheshwar Shai v. State of West Bengal (Supreme Court of India), available at [4] Archived 2006-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ↑ See Swami Bhaskarananda, Essentials of Hinduism pp. 189-92 (Viveka Press 1994) ISBN 1-884852-02-5

???? ???????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ See:
    • Fowler: "probably the oldest religion in the world" ( Fowler 1997 , p. 1 )
    • Klostermaier: The "oldest living major religion" in the world ( Klostermaier 2007 , p. 1 )
    • Kurien: "There are almost a billion Hindus living on Earth. They practice the world's oldest religion..." [1]
    • Bakker: "it [Hinduism] is the oldest religion". [2]
    • Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions [3]
    • Hinduism a Scientific Religion: & Some Temples in Sri Lanka
    By Pon Kulendiren [4]
    • Noble: "Hinduism, the world's oldest surviving religion, continues to provide the framework for daily life in much of South Asia." [5]

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