???????? ?????
|
---|
????-?????????? ????????
,
???????? ???????
?????
|
?????????? ???????? (?????????)
???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????.
|
????
| ??????? 13, 1984
(
1984-04-13
)
?
ongoing
(40 ??????????, 2 ?????, 1 ???? , 6 ??????)
2003 cease-fire
[1]
|
---|
???????
| Siachen Glacier
, in a disputed and undemarcated region of
Kashmir
|
---|
?????
| 2003 ????? ????
|
---|
?????????????
????????
| ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????. ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????.
|
---|
|
????????????
|
---|
India
|
Pakistan
|
?????????, ???????
|
---|
Col.
Narendra Kumar
LGen
P.N.Hoon
LGen
M.L.Chibber
MGen
Shiv Sharma
LGen
V.R.Raghavan
BGen
C.S.Nugyal
BGen
R.K.Nanavatty
BGen
V.K.Jaitley
| LGen
Zahid Ali Akbar
BGen
Pervez Musharraf
|
???
|
---|
3,000+
[2]
| 3,000
[2]
|
????? ?????, ???????
|
---|
846 ?????? (????? ???????? ??????? ????? )
[3]
[4]
36 casualties during combat (1984)
[5]
| 213 ?????? (????? ???????? ??????? ????? 2003, 2010 ????)
[4]
[6]
[7]
200 casualties during combat (1984)
[5]
|
|
???????? ?????????
??????????????? ?????? ????? ????????.
[8]
[9]
????? ???????????? 1984 ??????? 13 ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? 2000 ???? ???? ??????????.
NJ9842
(
35°00′30″N
77°00′32″E
/
35.008371°N 77.008805°E
/
35.008371; 77.008805
) ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????. 1949 ????
????? ???????
, 1972 ????
?????? ?????????
??????????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????. ???? ??? NJ9842 ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????????. ???????? ????? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????.
[10]
1949 ??, ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????. ?????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????. 1956?58 ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????.
?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????, 1977 ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????. 1981 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
??????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????, ? ??????????? ????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? "??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? 300 ????????? - ?????? ????????? - ?????? ??????. ? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????." ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????.
??????? ???????
: ???????? ???? ???? ??, ????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? 13 ? ????????? ??, 14 ? ???? ???? ???????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????????. ? 300 ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??????????????. ? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? 1984 ??????? 25 ? ???????????.
[11]
1987 ???? - ????: ??????? ??????: ? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????. ? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????????. 1987 ???? 25 ? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????????. ? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????. ? ???????? ???? ?????
???? ????? ??????
?? ??????????????.
1987 ??????????: ??????? ?????????/??????? ?????: ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????, ??????. ??. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????,
??????? ??????
??????????. ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.
[12]
?????? ????????? ?????,
??????? ?????????
?? ??????? ?????? ??????????.
[13]
[14]
1989 ??????-??: 1989 ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????,
??????? ???????
?? ??????????. ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????, ??????. ???.?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ????, ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????. ?????
??????? ???????
?????????.
[15]
1992 ???? 28 ? ?????? 3: ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???????????????? ???? ??????
??????? ???????? ?????
?? ??????????. 1992 ?????? 1 ? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? (PA 10117) ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ???? ??????????.
[16]
1995 ??: ???????? ?????? ??????:?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????.
[17]
1999 ????: ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ??.??. ?????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??, ?????????? ???????????? ??????? 5770 (????? ????/???? ????/?????? ????) ?? ?? ????????? ??????????????.
[18]
???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????, ????????
[
??????
]
2010 ???????? 11 ? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ???????? ?????????. ?? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? 8 ???? ???????? ?????????.
[19]
2011 ?? ???????? ????????????, ????????????? 24 ???? ???? ???????? ????????.
[20]
???? 22 ? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????.
[21]
2012 ??????? 7 ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? 129 ???? ????????, 11 ???? ??? ?????????????? ?????????.
[22]
[23]
? ????? ??????, ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??. ??????? ????? ????????.
[24]
?? 29 ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????.
[25]
2013 ??, ??????? ?????????? ??????? 10 ???? ???? ???????? ?????????.
2015 ?????? 14 ? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??, ????????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????. ? ??????? 15 ?????? ??????????.
[26]
2016 ????? 4 ?, ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????.
[27]
|
|
|
|
- ↑
"Siachen: The Stalemate Continues"
. Archived from
the original
on 2004-10-27
. Retrieved
2017-12-17
.
Published 1999 April.
- ↑
2.0
2.1
"War at the Top of the World"
. Time.com. November 7, 2005. Archived from
the original
on 2012-04-12
. Retrieved
2017-12-17
.
- ↑
846 Indian soldiers have died in Siachen since 1984 ? Rediff.com News
. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ↑
4.0
4.1
??????, ??.??.
???????? ???????:?????? ???? ???????
. Spellbound Publications, 1997.
ISBN
9788176000048
.
- ↑
5.0
5.1
The Illustrated Weekly of India ? Volume 110, Issues 14?26
. Times of India.
Pakistani troops were forced out with over 200 casualties as against 36 Indian fatalities
- ↑
"In Siachen 869 army men died battling the elements"
. The Hindu
. Retrieved
12 December
2015
.
- ↑
Ives, Jack.
Himalayan Perceptions: Environmental Change and the Well-Being of Mountain Peoples
. Routledge, 2004.
ISBN
9781134369089
.
- ↑
VAUSE, Mikel.
- ↑
CHILD, Greg.
- ↑
Modern world history- Chapter-The Indian subcontinent achieves independence/The Coldest War.
- ↑
"Siachen Glacier: Battling on the roof of the world"
.
Indian Defence Review
.
- ↑
J. N. Dixit
(2002).
India-Pakistan in war & peace
. Routledge.
ISBN
0-415-30472-5
.
(pp. 39)
- ↑
Op Rajeev
, 18th Sept 2007
- ↑
Baghel, Ravi; Nusser, Marcus (2015-06-17).
"Securing the heights; The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram"
.
Political Geography
.
48
. Elsevier: 31?32.
doi
:
10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001
. Retrieved
2016-09-23
.
- ↑
The fight for Siachen
, Brig. Javed Hassan (Retd) April 22, 2012, The Tribune (Pakistan)
- ↑
Harish Kapadia
.
Siachen Glacier: The Battle of Roses
. Rupa Publications Pvt. Ltd. (India).
- ↑
Siachen- Not a Cold War
Archived
2015-07-11 at the
Wayback Machine
, Lt. Gen. P. N. Hoon (Retd)
- ↑
Endgame at Siachen
Archived
2015-07-03 at the
Wayback Machine
, Maj Gen Raj Mehta, AVSM, VSM (Retd) December 2, 2014, South Asia Defence and Strategic Review
- ↑
"Siachen avalanche kills 3 Indian, 8 Pak soldiers"
. Retrieved
2016-02-05
.
- ↑
"50 Indian soldiers die in Siachen in 3 yrs"
.
www.nationalturk.com
. Retrieved
2016-02-05
.
- ↑
"Indian army officers killed in Siachen fire ? BBC News"
(in ???????? ????????)
. Retrieved
2016-02-05
.
- ↑
"Pakistan resumes search for 135 buried by avalanche"
(in ???????? ????????). 8 April 2012
. Retrieved
28 April
2012
.
- ↑
"Huge search for trapped Pakistani soldiers"
. Al Jazeera English. 7 April 2012
. Retrieved
7 April
2012
.
- ↑
"Pakistan army chief urges India on glacier withdrawal ? BBC News"
(in ???????? ????????)
. Retrieved
2016-02-05
.
- ↑
"Two soldiers killed in Siachen landsliding"
. Retrieved
2016-02-04
.
- ↑
"Army Captain dies in avalanche in Siachen glacier, 15 soldiers rescued"
. Retrieved
2016-02-04
.
- ↑
"Siachen avalanche kills four Indian Army soldiers ? Firstpost"
(in ???????? ????????)
. Retrieved
2016-02-04
.
|
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- ???????? ???????? ?????
- 1846?1946
- 1947?????????? ????
|
????????
| |
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???????? ???????
| |
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?????????
| |
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??????
| |
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???????
| |
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