???????? ?????? ( Metric system ? ???????? ??????? ) ????? ????? ??????? ????? , ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? , ????? ??????? ????? ( ?????????? ) ?? ?????? ?? ??????. ^[1]

??????, ?????????, ????????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? (theory), ????? ?????? ???? ??????? (experiment). ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ???????, ?????, ??? ?????????????, ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????. ? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (thesis) ??????. ???? ?????? ???? “?????? ?????????” ??? ?????????????. ????? ????? ????????? (hypothesis) ??? ???????? ??? ?????????. ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? “????” (hypo) ???? “??????” ??? ???? (???. ???????????? ???? ????? ??????), “?????? ???????? ????” ??? ???? ?????. ???? ????????? ???? “???????? ?????? ?????.” ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????????.

???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. ? ?????????? ?????? ( measurement) ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? "????" ( measurement) ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? (value), ?? ??????? (unit) ??????. ?????????? ?? ????????? (measuring tool) ??????. ??????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? , ?????? ?????????? ???????? , ??????? ???????. ???????? (????, ????????) ??????????? , ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? , ?????????????? ????????.

?????? ??????? ?????????? “????, ????" ????? ????????? ????????. (???? ???? 5 ?????, ???? ???? 10 ?????!). ? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? , ????, ????, ????, ???? , ??????? ????????. ??????? ???? ????, ???????, ??????, ?????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ???????, ???? ???? ??????? ????????.

???????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????. ???????, ??????? 18 ? ??????????? ?????????? “???????? ??????” ?????? ????????. ? ???????? ???????? ???????????????, ?????????? (mass) ?? ???????????, ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ? ????????? ??????????, ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ???????? (measuring units) ????????? ???????. ????????, ?????? ???????? ????????:

????? ????	??????? ????	??????
?????	??????????	cm
??????????	??????	g
????	??????	s
?????????	?????	l

? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? (prefixes) ?????? ???? ???????.

? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????, ?????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????, ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????. ? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ? ?????? (SI ???? Systeme Internationale) ??????. ????????, SI ???????? ????????:

????? ????	???????	??????
?????	?????	m
??????????	??????????	kg
?????????	????????	K
????	??????	s
?????? ???????	????	mol
???????? ???????	???????	I
????? ??????	??????	I v

????? (????, SI ????????) ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ?????????? (mass) ?? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????. ???? ???? “????”?? ???????????? ???????????? k ??????? ??????? ?????????????. SI ???????? ????????? (volume) ????; ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????. ???????? “??????” ?????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????. ????? ???????? ?? “????????” ???? ??? ????????. ?? ?????? ????? ???????? (??????? ???? ???????) ??????? ?????????????? “ ???? ” ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????????? (???? ???????????) ??????????? ?????????? ???????, ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????. ? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????, ???????, ???????.

• ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? “????” ??? ??????? ???????.

• ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????. ????,

• ?????? (??????????) = ??????? (??????????) x ???? (?????????)

??????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????.

?????????	??????	??????	????
????	v	m s -1
????????	A	m 2
?????????? (???????)	v	s -1	???????? (Hz)
???	F	kg m s -2	??????? (N)
?????	E	kg m 2 s -2	???? (J)

• ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????.

  ???????? (area) = ?????? (????????) x ??????? (????????)

 ???? ???????? ????? ?????? "????? ???????" ???? “????? ???????” ???? “????? ????????” ????????. ?????? m
2
 ??? ????????. “????? ????????” ??? ?????????.

• ???? (velocity) ????? ?????? “???????? ????? ???????.” ?????? m/sec ??? ???? m. s ^-1 ??? ???? ????????. “??????? ???? ??????” (meters per second) ??? ?????????.
• ??????? (frequency) ????? ?????? “???????? ????? ?????? ??” (cycles per second) ???? ????? ???????? (Hertz). ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????; ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????. 100 Hz = 100 cycles per second.
• ??? (Force) ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? kg. m. sec ^-2 ??? ????????. ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? . ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????.
• ????? (energy) ????????? “????.” ?????? kg. m2. sec ^-2 ??? ????????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ???? “?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????.”

??? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????.

??????????????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. “???? ??????” ???? “????” ??????? (1,000,000) ?? ??????????. ???? 1000 ?? ??????????. ?????????? ???? 1000 ????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????.

?????????????	??????	?????	?????	10 ????? ???????
Exa- (?????-)	E	1,000,000,000,000,000,000		10 18
Peta- (????-)	P	1,000,000,000,000,000		10 15
Tera- (????-)	T	1,000,000,000,000		10 12
Giga- (????-)	G	1,000,000,000		10 9
Mega- (????-)	M	1,000,000		10 6
Kilo- (????-)	k	1,000		10 3
Hecto- (??????-)	h	100		10 2
Deka- (????-)	da	10		10 1
(no prefix)		1		10 0
Deci- (????-)	d	0	.1	10 -1
Centi- (?????-)	c	0	.01	10 -2
Milli- (??????-)	m	0	.001	10 -3
Micro- (??????-)	\mu	0	.000001	10 -6
Nano- (????-)	n	0	.000000001	10 -9
Pico- (????-)	p	0	.000000000001	10 -12
Femto- (???????-)	f	0	.000000000000001	10 -15
Atto- (?????-)	a	0	.000000000000000001	10 -18

• ? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????.
• 1 cm = 1 centimeter = 1e-2 = 1 × 10 ^-2 meter = 0.01 meter
• 1 kg = 1 kilogram = 1e3 = 1 × 10 ³ gram = 1000 grams
• 1 μL= 1 microliter = 1e-6 = 1 × 10 ^-6 liter = 0.000001 liter
• 1 ns = 1 nanosecond = 1e-9 = 1 × 10 ^-9 second
• 1 kWh = 1 kilowatt-hour = 1e3 = 1 × 10 ³ Watt-hours
• 1 Food calorie = 1 Cal = 1 kilocalorie = 1e3 = 1 × 10 ³ calories (????? ????? ????? C ?? ????? ????? c ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????!

SI ?????? ???? ????????? [ ?????? ]

• 1 Angstrom = 1 A = 1 × 10 ^-10 meter
• 1 electron volt = 1 eV = 1.602e-19 joules = 1.602 x 10 ^-19 joules

• ????????? ?????? ????? 1 MB = 1 Megabyte = 1 × 10 ⁶ bytes ??? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????. ??????????? ??????????
  • 1 kB = 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes
  • 1 MB = 1 Megabyte = 1024 x 1024 = 1,048,576 bytes
• ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????.

?????? [ ?????? ]

• https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/wparkinson/help/metric_units/lesson_index.html Archived 2018-09-11 at the Wayback Machine