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Diabetes
A hollow circle with a thick blue border and a clear centre
Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes [1]
???????
????????? Endocrinology
????????
?????????
  • Metabolic imbalances
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Nerve and brain damage
  • Kidney failure
  • Gastrointestinal changes [2] [3] [4] [5]
?????? Remission may occur, but diabetes is often life-long
?????
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Gestational diabetes
??????? Insulin insufficiency or gradual resistance
?????? ???????
??????????? ??????
???????
??? ???????
??????? 463 million (8.8%) [10]
?????? 4.2 million (2019) [10]

??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????. ????????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? , ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? [11] . ????????? (??????????), ???? ???????? ????? (????????????), ????????? ????, ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? , ???? , ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? [12] . ? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????. ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????: ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? 1, ????????? ????????? ???? 2, ?????????? ????????? (?????????? ????? ?????????) [13] . ?????, ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? [14] . ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? (????????????) ???? ??????????. ????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????.

?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????, ???? ????? ???, ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? [11] . 1921?? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????, ????????????? ????? ????? ????, ???????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????????. ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ????? ???????? ??? ???????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????????????. ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????.

????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????. ??????, ???????? (???????) ????? ??????????????? ??????????????, ???? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????. ???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? (????????? ???), ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ????????? ????????? (?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????), ????????? ????????? (???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????), ???????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????. ???????????? ???? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? (????????? ????????? ???????), ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????, ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????

?????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? (????? ?????? ?????), ???????????? (???? ?????), ?????????? (????? ???? ?????) ??? ?????? ??????????. ????? ??? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? (???????? ????? ????????). ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????, ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ????. ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? (???????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????), ???? ????????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????, ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????, ???????? ???????????? ????????????? (??????????). ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ???? ???? ???? ???????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????.

???????? (???????? ???? 1) ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??????????? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? 2 ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????????.

????? [ ?????? ]

????????? ?????????
???????????? ?????
????????? ????????? ???? 1
????????? ????????? ???? 2
Gestational diabetes

Pre-diabetes:
Impaired fasting glycaemia
Impaired glucose tolerance

?????? ??????????
?????? ???????? :
? ???????-??????? ?????
? en:Anti-diabetic drug s
? Conventional insulinotherapy
? Intensive insulinotherapy
??? ????? ??????? (Other Concerns)
????? ????????

Diabetic coma s:
? en:Diabetic hypoglycemia
? en:Diabetic ketoacidosis
? Nonketotic hyperosmolar

Diabetic myonecrosis
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic retinopathy

???????, ?????

???? ????????
????? ?????
Fructosamine
Glucose tolerance test
Glycosylated hemoglobin

??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????? (???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????). ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????. ???, ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? 2000 ???? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????.

????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????. ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? 1, ???? 2. ???? 1 ????????? ??? ???? ????????????? ????????-?????????, ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???. ????? ???? 2 ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????.

????????? ????????? ????? ??? [ ?????? ]

???? 1 ????????? ?????????

???? 1 ????????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????. ?????????????? ???? ??-????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????. [14] ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????. ? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? '???????? ?????????' ??? ??????. ? ???????? ???????, ??????????????? ???, ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? (???? ????????, ?????? ????) ???? ????????. ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????.

???? 2 ????????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

????????? ??- ???????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ???????????
????????? ????, ??????????? ???? ?? ????

?????? ???? 2 ????????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????.. ???????? ???????????? ????????.. ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ????1?? ?????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????. ???? 2?? ??? ????. ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????. ?????.. ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????????. ????????, ???, ????????????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????????.

????2 ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? (insulin resistance) ???? ??????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? (insulin receptor) ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????????. ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????.

???? 2 ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????? (???? ?????? ?????? ???????????) ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???? 2 ????????? ???? 55% ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????. [15] ??? ????????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????. [16]

???? 2 ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????. ? ????? ???????? ???? ????????, ??????? ????????????????? ????????????, ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????. [17] ? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ???????? ????????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????, ????????????? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ?????????, ????? ?????????, ????????? ????????, ???? ?????????, ?????? ???? ????? ????????????? ? ???????? ?????. ????????????, ?????? ???? ?????, ????????????, ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ????? ???? 1 ???????: ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ???? 1 ????????? ??????. ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? 2 ???????: ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????. ???????????, ???????????? ????????, ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???, ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????????: ??????????? 2 ????? 5 ???? ???? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ????. ? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????. ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????.

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  • ???? ????? 30 ??????? ???? ???????? ??????. ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????.
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??????? ????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???????????? (???????-19) ???????, ???? ????????, ????????????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????.???? ???, ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? [18] ?????????? ?????????????? 16-22% ???? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????- ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????. ?????????? 7 ????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ?????.

??????, ????????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ??????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????. ? ??????? ????????, ?????, ????? ???? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????? (???????????) ????????????? ????? ??? ?????. ??? 7% ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????, ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???. ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ????????, ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????-19 ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????.

??????????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

  • ???? ?????????, ???????????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ??????????????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????.
  • ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????. ? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????.
  • ????????? ??????? ????????.
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?????? [ ?????? ]

1. ??????????????? ??????: ??????????????????? (????????), ????????????? (???????????), ??????????????? (????????????), ??????????????? (???????) - ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????, ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????.. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????.. ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.

2. ??????????? (??????????????): ?????????????, ????????????? - ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????.

3. ????? ????????????? ???????????????: ??????????, ???????????, ?????????? -??? ????? ?????? ??????.. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????

4. ????????????: ???? ??????????, ??? ??????????. ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????.. ??????? ???????? ????????.????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????.

5. ?????????????: ??????????????? (????????), ????????????????? (??????), ????????????????? (?????????) - ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????. ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????. ????? ??????????? ?????.

6. ???????????:??????? 10 ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???? 65 ???? ????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???????? 250 ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? 500 ???? ??????, ????????1?? 10 ???? ??????, ??????????????? 600 ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????.

7. ?????????????: ????????? -?????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???. ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ??????.

8. ??????????: ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ??????????: ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ?????????: ???????????, ???????????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????????: ???????????????, ???????? ???????????.??????? ???????: ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ?????????: ???????????????????? ???????????????.

9. ???????: ??????? [19] ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????????. ????????? ??????????? ????? 10 ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????????.

?????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???????? ?????? 14? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????. [20] ??????? (????? ??????) ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????????. [21] [22]

??????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ "Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol" . International Diabetes Federation. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Diabetes" . www.who.int (in ????????) . Retrieved 1 October 2022 .
  3. ↑ ??????? ????: ??????? <ref> ??????; ADA2009 ??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
  4. ↑ Krishnasamy S, Abell TL (July 2018). "Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management" . Diabetes Therapy . 9 (Suppl 1): 1?42. doi : 10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9 . PMC   6028327 . PMID   29934758 .
  5. ↑ Saedi E, Gheini MR, Faiz F, Arami MA (September 2016). "Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments" . World Journal of Diabetes . 7 (17): 412?422. doi : 10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412 . PMC   5027005 . PMID   27660698 .
  6. ↑ "Causes of Diabetes" . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases . June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 .
  7. ↑ Heinrich J, Yang BY (January 2020). "Ambient air pollution and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" . Environmental Research . 180 : 108817. Bibcode : 2020ER....180j8817Y . doi : 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108817 . PMID   31627156 . S2CID   204787461 . Retrieved 21 April 2022 .
  8. ↑ ??????? ????: ??????? <ref> ??????; AFP09 ??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
  9. ↑ Brutsaert EF (February 2017). "Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus" . MSDManuals.com . Retrieved 12 October 2018 .
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019" (PDF) . www.diabetesatlas.org (in ????????) . Retrieved 18 May 2020 .
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 (???????) L M Tierney, S J McPhee, M A Papadakis (2002). Current medical Diagnosis & Treatment. International edition . New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 1203?1215. ISBN   0-07-137688-7 .
  12. ↑ (???????) Wild, S (2004). "Global Prevalence of Diabetes" (PDF) . Diabetes Care . 27 : 1047?1053.
  13. ↑ (???????) World Health Organisation Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance (1999). "Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-21 . Retrieved 2008-04-13 .
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 (???????) Rother, KI (2007). "Diabetes Treatment ? Bridging the Divide" . N Engl J Med . 356 (15): 1499?1501. Archived from the original on 2009-09-03 . Retrieved 2008-04-13 .
  15. ↑ Eberhart, MS; Ogden C, Engelgau M, Cadwell B, Hedley AA, Saydah SH (19 November 2004). "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002" . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 53 (45). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1066?1068 . Retrieved 2007-03-11 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  16. ↑ Arlan Rosenbloom, Janet H Silverstein (2003). Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment . American Diabetes Association,U.S. pp.  1 . ISBN   978-1580401555 .
  17. ↑ "Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group". Lancet . 352 (9131): 854?65. 1998. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8 . PMID   9742977 .
  18. ↑ "??????????: ?????????, ????, ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????????.. ?????? ?? ??????" . BBC News ?????? . 2020-03-18 . Retrieved 2020-04-17 .
  19. ↑ https://letsmoderate.com/products/moderate
  20. ↑ us, Contact; Federation, International Diabetes. "World Diabetes Day | Diabetes: protect your family" .
  21. ↑ "The history of the discovery of insulin" . Portsmouth Daily Times . Archived from the original on 8 ?????? 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2019 .
  22. ↑ ?????????, ? ???? ??????? (11 November 2017). "???? ????? ?????" . www.andhrabhoomi.net . ????????. Archived from the original on 15 ????? 2018 . Retrieved 14 November 2019 .

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