???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
???????
[3]
(
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[4]
[5]
,
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,
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) ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????
??????????
????????? ???,
???????? ???
. ???? ????????? ???????? 8?? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???. ??????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????????????, ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????????.
????????
????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
[6]
??????? ??????-?????? ???. ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????.?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? 60 ???? ????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????????????.
[7]
??????? (??????) ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. 1992?? 72? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ???? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????.
[8]
??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????, 18? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????.
??????? ?????
????????
???????
????????
????? ???
???????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????,
??????? ????
??????????????. ????????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????????.
18? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????
????????? ??????
?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????. 1709 ????? 20? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. 1940??, 1950???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. 1976?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.
?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????
??????? ?????????
???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ???, ????, ????? ????????????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????.
??????????
???????, ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????. ??????? ???????? ?????????, ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????
?????? ?????
????????????????.
- ↑
C. Moseley, ed. (2010).
Atlas of the world's languages in danger (3rd ed)
. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
- ↑
??????? ????: ???????
<ref>
??????;
e18
??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
- ↑
???? ??????, 2007,
? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????
, ???????????
- ↑
"At a Glance ≪ Official website of Manipur"
.
- ↑
Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues ? 2000
, Census of India, 2001
- ↑
Moseley, C, ed. (2010).
Atlas of the world’s languages in danger (3rd ed)
. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
- ↑
Burling, Robbins. 2003. The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeastern India. In Thurgood & LaPolla (eds.),
The Sino-Tibetan Languages
, 169-191. London & New York: Routledge.
- ↑
Devi, S. (May 2013).
"Is Manipuri an Endangered Language?"
(PDF)
.
Language in India
.
13
(5): 520?533.