???????	78.0842%
???????	20.9463%
???????	0.93422%
??????? ?? ???????	0.03811%
???? ?????	?????? 1%
??? ????????	0.002%

???? ???????? , ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ??????? 78.08% ??????? , 20.95% ??????? , 0.93% ??????? , 0.038% ??????? ?? ??????? , ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? , ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????. ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????. ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????/??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????.

????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????. ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? 11 ??.??.????? ???????????? ???????. ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????????? 120 ??.??.? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????????, ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????????? 100 ??.??.? ?????? ??????? ???????.

???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????. ? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????.

• ??????????? ??? ???????????? (Troposphere) :

??????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? 7 ??. ??. (23,000 ???????) ?????????, ????????? ???? 17 ??. ??. (56,000 ???????) ????????? ????????? ????. ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ????????????? (Troposphere) ??????. ??? ?????? ????? "τροπ?", (??????, trope) ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????. ???????????? ???????????? ???????? 80% ?????????? ???? ???? ^{[ ????? ?????? ]} . ?????? ???? (Tropopause) ??????????? ????? ??????????? (stratosphere) ???? ????????.

• ??????????? (stratosphere) :

???????????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? (Tropopause) ????? 51 ??. ??. (32 ??????, 1,70,000 ???????) ???? ?????????? ????. ? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????????? (turbulence and mixing) ??????. ???????????? (stratopause, ??????????? ????? ??????????? (mesosphere) ? ????????, ???????? 50 ????? 55 ??. ??. (31 ????? 34 ??????; 160,000 ????? 180,000 ???????) ? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? (1/1000) ???????.

• ??????????? (mesosphere) :

??????????? (mesosphere), ???????????? ??? 80 ????? 85 ??. ??. ( 50?53 ??????; 260,000?280,000 ???????) ???? ????????? ????. ? ??????? ?????? ??????? (meteors, ???? ???? ?????? ???????) ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ????????, ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ????????? ???????? -100 °C (?148.0 °F; 173.1 K).

• ????? ??????? (Thermosphere) :

???????? ????? ????????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ? ??? ????????? 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????. ? ??????? International Space Station 320 ????? 380 ??. ?? (200 ????? 240 ??????) ???? ???????? ??????????????????. ? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????????? 350?800 ??. ??. (220?500 ??????; 1,100,000?2,600,000 ???????) ????? ? ???? ?????????? ???????

• ??????????? (Exosphere) :

????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????????? (Exosphere) ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????, ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??. ??. ??????????????. ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? fluid ???????? ????????????. ? ??????????? ??????? ballistic trajectories ????? ????????????? (magnetosphere) ???? ???? solar wind ???? ???? ?????????????.???????????? ???????? ????? (hydrogen), ?????? (helium) ??????.

• ????? ???:

????? ???, ??????????? (stratosphere) ?? ????. ? ????? ??? ????? ???????? 2 ????? 8 ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ? ??? ??????????? (stratosphere) ?? ????? ????? 15?35 ??. ??. (9.3?22 ??????; 49,000?1,10,000 ???????) ??????? ???????. ?????????? ????? ???????????? (seasonal) ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???????????? ????? ?? ???????? 90% ????? ??????????? (stratosphere) ?? ????.

• ???????????? (Ionosphere) :

??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? (Ionosphere) ??????. ??? 50 ????? 1,000 ??. ??. (31 ????? 620 ??????; 1,60,000 ????? 33,00,000 ???????) ?????? ??????????? (exosphere) ????? ???????????? (thermosphere) ? ??? ?????????? ????. ??? ?????????????? (magnetosphere) ????? ?????? ????????????? . ? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????. ? ?????? ???? auroras ?????????.