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???? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????. ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? & ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ? ??????? ???????????????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????, ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????. ????????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????????; ????????? (????????? ????? ?????, ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????) ???????????????? ????????????????, ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????.

???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? (???????? ??? ????????) ???????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? (???? ??? ?? ??????) ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????. ????????????? ????????????, ?????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????, ?????-??????? ????????? ????????????????, ????????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???????? ????????????, ?????? ????? ????????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? (?????)?? ???? ????? ?????????. [1]

????????? 543 ???? ??????? ???????, ???? 543 ??-???? ??????? ????? ????????????. ????????? 245 ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? 233 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????????. 12 ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? (?????????). ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? (????????????) ??? ????? ???? (?????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ) ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ???????? 1951?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????, ???????? ?????????? 1977 ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????. 1990? ?????? ???-?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? 17? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? 11 ??????? 2019 ????? 19 ?? 2019 ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????. ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? (??????), ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. [2]

?????? ??????????, ???? ????????? ?????????????? ??????. [3] ?????? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. [4] ??-???? (?????????)???? ?????? ??????? 2023 ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? 19??????? ?? ????. [5]

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??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????, ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????. 1947?? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? 200?? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ???? 23 ?????????? 2021???? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?????? 9 ????? ????????, 54 ??????? ????????, 2796 ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????? ????? 2858. [6]

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???????????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ????????/??????? ?????? ?????, ??????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????. ? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????. [7] ???????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? [8]

  1. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????.
  2. ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????.
  3. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????.
  4. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ????? ???????, ????????? ? ??????? ???? ????, ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????. ???????? - ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.
  5. ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????.

?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????: [8]

  1. ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? (6%)??????.
  2. ??????, ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?? (???? ??? ???????)?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? (2%) ????????? ?????????? ??????. (???? ????????? ???? ???? 543 ???? ??????? 11 ??????), ? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????.

?????????, ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????:

  1. ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? (6%) ??????. ??????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ????
  2. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? (3%) ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????., ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????.  

??????? ????? ????????

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1984?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????????, ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. 1984-1989 ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? 33 ????? 113?? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???????????, ? ???????? ????????????. [9]

???????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????????, ????????.

??????? ????????

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????? ???????????? ????? ( ?????? ??????????? ??????? (NDA) - 1998?? BJP ?????????? NDA ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????. ??????????? 1999 ?????????? ????????? ????????? ( AIADMK ) ?????? ?? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????. [10] 2014 ?????????? ????????? , 543 ??????? ????????? ???? 336 ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? 282 ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????. 2019 ?? ????? ???????????? ????? 353 ????? ?????? ?????, ???????????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ?????? 303 ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????.

??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? (I.N.D.I.A.) ? ???????? ???????????? ??????? (UPA), ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? (INC) ??????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ?????? 2024 ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? (BJP) ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????, ????????? ????? ???????????. 2024 ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? 26 ????????? ????????? ? ????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????.

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???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????, 39% ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ????. ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ???????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????, ???????? ???????????? 89% ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????. [11] [12]

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?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ???? ????? ????????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????. ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ???? ????????????, ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. [13] ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. [14]

??????? ????

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???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????.

24 ??????? 1993?, ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????????, ???????? (73? ???? 1992) ????????? ???????? ?????????. ? ????? 24 ???????? 1996 ????? ????????????, ??????, ???????, ??????? ???????, ??????????, ???????????, ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????.

? ????? ??????? ????? - 2 ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????; ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????; ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ??????????; ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????. [15]

?????? ??????? ?????

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2004 ??????? ????????? INC ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? 22 ?? 2004? ???? ?????????????? ??????????????. [16] ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????. ???????? 1999?? ???? ?????? ????????? [17] ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? 13 ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????. 2014 ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????????????. 2019 ??????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?????? (??????) ??????? ????????? ??????????.

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????????, ???????? , ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????. ???? (Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act - TADA), ???? (Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 -POTA), MCOCA (Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act) ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? (?????-???????) ??????? ???????????, ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????. [18] ?????, ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? (Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act - UAPA)?? 2019?? ?????????.

?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. 1991?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? . ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????, 1987?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? [19]

?????? ???? ?????? , 6 ???????? 1992? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ????? 900 ???? ?????????. [20] ?????? 1993 ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????.

??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ????? ???????, ???-?????? ???????? ??????? ????. ???????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ???? 2008??, ?? ?????????? ?????? 540 ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? " ?????? ????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ????????, ?????????????? ?????, ??????, ????????? , ??????? ???" ???? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????????. [21]

???????????? ??????

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2006 ????? 2022 ???? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ??????. ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ??????? (?????????) ???? ???????????, ???????????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. "?????? ??????? (????????) ?????" ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ?????-???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????. ????????????? ????????, ?????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. [22]

2023??, ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ???????? "?????????? ????????" ?????? ????????????????. [23] [24] V-Dem ????????????? ?????? V-Dem ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ' ??????? ?????????? ????' ?? ?????????????. 2023??, ??? ???????????? "?? 10 ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????"?? ?????????. [25] ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????. [26]

??????? ????? ?????? ???????????

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???? ??????????

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25 ???? 2022?, ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????, ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????. ? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????. [27]

???? ?? ??????????

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??????????????, ??????????? ????? ???? ???????????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????. ????????????? ??? ??????/????????? ????. ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? . [28]

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? -

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???????? ?????? ( federal form) ????????????? ????? ????. ???????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (???? ???????????? ?????), ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? (?????? ???????? ?????) ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????, ??? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. ???????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????.

?????? ?????????

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1980? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. [29] ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????-????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????. 1978?? ??????????? ????????? (?) ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????. [30] ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????. [31] ??? ?????????? - ??? ?????? ???????-?-??????????? ?????????? (AIMIM), ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? (AITC), ???? ??????? ????? (BRS), ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? (DMDK) ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ???? (DMK), ??????? ?????? ???? ??? (INLD), ????? & ???????? ?????? ??????????? (JKNC), ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? (JKPDP), ??????? (?????????) (JD(S)), ???????? ?????? ?????? (JMM), ?????? ???????? ?????? (NPP), ?????????? ????????? ?????? (NCP), ??????? ?????? ????? (PMK), ????????? ???? ??? (RJD), ????????? ???? ??? (RLD), ????? ???? ?????? (SP), ??????? ???????? (SAD ), ?????? (SS), ?????????? ?????? (TDP), YSR ????????? ?????? (YSRCP) ????????? ????????????. [32]

??? ???? ??????

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???????????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ M. Lakshmikanth 2012 , pp. 389?390.
  2. ↑ "General Election 2014" . Election Commission of India . Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 .
  3. ↑ "Need for accountability in politics of dynasty" . dailypioneer.com . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 .
  4. ↑ . " Dynastic parties Organization, finance and impact ".
  5. ↑ V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset" . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
  6. ↑ Chander 2001 , pp. 389?390.
  7. ↑ Krzysztof Iwanek (2 November 2016). "The Curious Stories of Indian Party Symbols" . The Diplomat . Archived from the original on 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 .
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Election Commission of India Press Note" . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2014 .
  9. ↑ Hicken & Kuhonta 2014 , p. 205.
  10. ↑ Agrawal, Puroshottam (1999-09-01). "Identity debate clouds India's elections" . Le Monde diplomatique (in ????????) . Retrieved 2022-09-20 .
  11. ↑ "India" . Transparency.org (in ????????). 2023-01-31 . Retrieved 2023-09-09 .
  12. ↑ "INDIANMIRROR- Political Corruption in India" .
  13. ↑ "How political parties choose their candidates to win elections" . Hindustan Times . No. 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019 . Retrieved 22 April 2019 .
  14. ↑ Vaishnav, Milan (2011). Caste Politics, Credibility and Criminality: Political Selection in India . APSA 2011 Annual Meeting. SSRN   1899847 .
  15. ↑ Laxmikanth, M (2017). Indian Polity (in English). McGraw Hill. p. 1145. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
  16. ↑ "Welcome to Embassy of India, Washington D C, USA" (PDF) . indianembassy.org . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012.
  17. ↑ Priyanka Shah (1 November 2014). "13 Amazing Facts about Atal Ji, the Bhishma Pitamah of Indian Politics" . Topyaps . Archived from the original on 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 .
  18. ↑ "Anti-Terrorism Legislation" . Human rights watch . 20 November 2001. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2019 .
  19. ↑ Guha 2008 , pp.  637 ?659.
  20. ↑ "Shiv Sainiks will maintain peace post-Ayodhya verdict: Uddhav" . Hindustan Times . HT Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2014 .
  21. ↑ Wax, Emily (24 July 2008). "With Indian Politics, the Bad Gets Worse" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 .
  22. ↑ "BTI 2022 India Country Report" . BTI 2022 (in ????????) . Retrieved 2023-08-08 .
  23. ↑ Krishnankutty, Pia (13 March 2023). "Freedom 'losing ground' ? India ranked 'partly free' for 3rd year by US non-profit Freedom House" . ThePrint .
  24. ↑ "India rated 'partially free' in Freedom House report for third straight year" . Scroll.in . 11 March 2023.
  25. ↑ "India Is 'One of the Worst Autocratisers in the Last 10 Years,' Says 2023 V-Dem Report" . The Wire . 7 March 2023.
  26. ↑ Dutta, Anisha (22 June 2023). "India secretly works to preserve reputation on global Democracy Index" . The Guardian .
  27. ↑ "Droupadi Murmu: India's first tribal president takes oath" . BBC News. 25 July 2022.
  28. ↑ "Profile | Vice President of India | Government of India" . vicepresidentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2022-09-18 .
  29. ↑ . " Dynastic parties Organization, finance and impact ".
  30. ↑ Basu & Chandra 2016 , p. 136.
  31. ↑ "Is the BJP less dynastic than the Congress? Not so, Lok Sabha data shows" . 29 March 2019.
  32. ↑ Chandra 2016 , pp. 131, 136.

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