????? ?????????

?? ????? ?????????, ???? ???????, ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????????, ??????, ????, ???????, ????? ????? ??????. 1852 ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????, ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????, ???????? ?????????????. ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????, ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????????.

????, ????? ??????????? ??????????? 21% ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????-?????? ????-????? ??????????? ????? 400,000 ???????? ???????

????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? (DWT). ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????: ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? , ? ?????? 82% ??????? ???????????????.

????? ?????????????, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ?????, ?????????, ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????????? ????????? (????????? ????????? ??????? ??????) ???? ?????????????? (???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????). ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? 30 ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????.

????? ???????? ???? ???????, ???????? ???? ???????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????: ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???, ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????. ???, ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? 1990 ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????, ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ????????, ??????? ???????????????, ???????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????????.

????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????. 1999 ??????, ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????, ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? "??? ????, ???? ???? ?????????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????????; ?????????; ???? ????? ?????????. " ^[1] ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????, ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??. ^[2] ???????????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????????????, ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????????, ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????????. ?????, ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????????? "???? ????? ?????????" ??? ??????? ????????????. ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????, ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????.

????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????????. " ? ?? ? " ??????, ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????????, "O / O" ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????????????????. ^[3] ???? ?????, ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????????? ????? "?? ??? ? ?? ", "?? ??? ?? ?? ", "?? ??? ? ??", "?? ??? ?? ??" ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????, ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????. ^[4]

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ "Maritime Safety Committee's 70th Session, January 1999" . American Bureau of Shipping . Retrieved 2007-04-09 .
↑ Lamb, 2003.
↑ "Maritime Glossary" . The Transportation Institute . Archived from the original on 2008-04-15 . Retrieved 2008-05-06 .
↑ "Acronyms and Abbreviations" . The Nautical Institute . Archived from the original on 2007-04-08 . Retrieved 2007-04-12 .

[abs-1] "Maritime Safety Committee's 70th Session, January 1999" . American Bureau of Shipping . Retrieved 2007-04-09 .

[SNAME-2] Lamb, 2003.

[3] "Maritime Glossary" . The Transportation Institute . Archived from the original on 2008-04-15 . Retrieved 2008-05-06 .

[vlcc-4] "Acronyms and Abbreviations" . The Nautical Institute . Archived from the original on 2007-04-08 . Retrieved 2007-04-12 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]