????????

???????? ?????????, ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????. ??? ???????? , ????? ????? ????? ???????????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???????. ^[1] ??? ???????????? ????????. ???? ???????. ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ????????????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ????! ? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????. ? ???? ???????? . ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????.

?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ???????! ???????? ?????????. ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ????????. ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????. ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? "?????????" ??????? , ???????? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????.

?????????? ?? [ ?????? ]

?????? ??????: ??????

???????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????????. ??????????? ??????????? H ??????, ???????????? B ?????? ??????????. ^[2] ???:4H ???????? 2H ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????. 4B ???????? 2B ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ?????????? ???? HB ???????? ?? ????????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ^[3] ?????? ?????? ???????? 6H ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 6B. ^[4] 0.3 ??.??, 0.5 ??.?? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ^[5] ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??, ?????????, ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????????. ^[6] ^[7]

????? ?? ???????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

?????
??????

??? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ "??????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-09 . Retrieved 2009-07-02 .
↑ Porter 1977 , p. 61.
↑ Alois Fabry 1958 , p. 12-13.
↑ Gurney & Kinkade 1958 , p. 29.
↑ Gurney & Kinkade 1958 , p. 30.
↑ Crawshaw 1983 , p. 22.
↑ Crawshaw 1983 , p. 24.

Fabry, Alois (1958). Sketching Basics . Mud Puddle Books.
Crawshaw, Alwyn (1983). Learn to Paint Sketch . Collins.
Gurney, James; Kinkade, Thomas (1988). The Artist's Guide to Sketching . Watson Guptill Publications.

[1] "??????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-09 . Retrieved 2009-07-02 .

[FOOTNOTEPorter197761-2] Porter 1977 , p. 61.

[FOOTNOTEAlois_Fabry195812-13-3] Alois Fabry 1958 , p. 12-13.

[FOOTNOTEGurney_&_Kinkade195829-4] Gurney & Kinkade 1958 , p. 29.

[FOOTNOTEGurney_&_Kinkade195830-5] Gurney & Kinkade 1958 , p. 30.

[FOOTNOTECrawshaw198322-6] Crawshaw 1983 , p. 22.

[FOOTNOTECrawshaw198324-7] Crawshaw 1983 , p. 24.

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