????? ????? (1865 ?? 25-1943 ???????? 9) ??? ??????? ???
?????
????????????. 1902?? ???
????? ??????????
?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
??????? , ???????
[
??????
]
????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??, ????????-????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????. ??? ?????????????, ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????, ???????? ???????? .
????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? .1883 ?? ????? ????????, ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? .???????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? .? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? .
1883 ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ? ??????, ???????????????? ??????? . ??? ?????????? ???? ????????, ?????????? ?? ????????????????????, ??.??.??????.???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? .???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? .
?????, ??????? ??????
[
??????
]
1885 ?? ????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? . 1890 ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? . ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. 1893 ?? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? . ??? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????.1895 ?? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? . ? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? (1873-1962) ?? ?????? ??????????? . ????? ???????? ??????????, ?? ????????.
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????.
[11]
1896 ??, ???? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? . ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????. 1902 ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? .
?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????????? . ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???????????.
?????
????????????
?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????, ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????, ????? ??????????,1896
???????? 31, ??????? ???? ???????? .
????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? . ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????
Professor in Amsterdam
[
??????
]
Einstein
visiting Pieter Zeeman in Amsterdam, with his friend Ehrenfest (circa 1920).
References
[
??????
]
- ↑
Rayleigh
(1944). "Pieter Zeeman. 1865-1943".
Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
.
4
(13): 591.
doi
:
10.1098/rsbm.1944.0010
.
- ↑
Zeeman, P. (1897). "The Effect of Magnetisation on the Nature of Light Emitted by a Substance".
Nature
.
55
(1424): 347.
Bibcode
:
1897Natur..55..347Z
.
doi
:
10.1038/055347a0
.
- ↑
"The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency".
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905)
.
60
: 513. 1896.
doi
:
10.1098/rspl.1896.0079
.
- ↑
"The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency".
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905)
.
60
: 514. 1896.
doi
:
10.1098/rspl.1896.0080
.
- ↑
Zeeman, P (1914).
"Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (First part)"
.
Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings
.
17
(I): 445?451. Archived from
the original
on 2009-05-19
. Retrieved
2016-08-17
.
- ↑
Zeeman, P (1915).
"Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second part)"
.
Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings
.
18
(I): 398?408. Archived from
the original
on 2009-05-19
. Retrieved
2016-08-17
.
- ↑
Paul Forman, "Alfred Lande and the anomalous Zeeman Effect, 1919-1921", Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 2, 1970, 153-261.
- ↑
Kox, A. J. (1997). "The discovery of the electron: II. The Zeeman effect".
European Journal of Physics
.
18
(3): 139.
Bibcode
:
1997EJPh...18..139K
.
doi
:
10.1088/0143-0807/18/3/003
.
- ↑
Spencer, J. B. (1970).
"On the Varieties of Nineteenth-Century Magneto-Optical Discovery"
.
Isis
.
61
: 34?51.
doi
:
10.1086/350577
.
- ↑
"Pieter Zeeman - Biographical"
.
Nobelprize.org
. Nobel Media AB 2013
. Retrieved
25 November
2013
.
- ↑
"Although not included in the published paper, you may be interested in a picture of Pieter Zeeman, as well as a photo he took of the effect named for him.