???????,
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????.
[1]
???????? ???????, ???????? ??????? 14 ? ????,
??????????
?????????? ???????????????. ???? ???? ???????? ??????? . ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????
[2]
[3]
17 ? ????????? 5 ? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ??????????? ??????????
??????
???????? ???????? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ????????, ???????????? ???????????? ????????.
[4]
???? ????????? ??????? ????, ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ????????? ? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ???????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????????.
[5]
???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????.
[6]
1642 ????? 1705 ????, ????? 1750 ????? 1950 ? ????, ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? (???? ??????? ????????? ) ???????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????????
[7]
??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????.
[8]
1913 - 1951 ???? ???? ???? ????????????? "?????? ????????????" ???? ??? ??????. ? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ? ?????? ??????? ???????? (1642?1720), ? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? (1720-1912) ?????????? ??????? ????. 1913 ??, ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????, ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??????. ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ????? ?? ???????????????? ?????????????????. ????? ? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ??? ????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????????.
???? ?????
.
[9]
???????????, 1951 ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????.
"???????" ??? ???? ???????? ???
???
, ??????? ???
??????
? ?????.
???
???? "??????????" ???? "???????" ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????
????????
???? ???????
??????-?????
.
[10]
[11]
??????
??? ??????? ??????? ????? "??????".
[12]
????????? ?????????
????????-?? ????-??-??
("??????? ?????")?? ??????.
[11]
?????? ???????
??????-??
??? ???? ??????????.
[13]
: 23
???? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ????????????
???????????????
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ???????? ???? ???? ???????, ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????
??? ??????
??????? ?????? ????????????. ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????.
[14]
???????????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????.
[15]
???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ????????????? (1004-1064) ?? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????.
[16]
? ????? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.
[17]
??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????, ????????? "?????" ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????
???????? ????????? ??? ????
(????????) ?? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????. ??????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ??????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ? ???????? 19 ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????.
[18]
[19]
1995 ??, ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????? 11 ? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????. ????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????: ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????????. ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????. 1995 ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????.
[20]
???????? ??????
[
??????
]
|
????
|
??????
|
????? ????
|
????????? ????????????
|
???????????
|
1
|
??????? ??????
|
|
1391?1474
|
?
|
N/A
|
2
|
??????? ????????
|
|
1475?1542
|
1483
|
1487
|
3
|
????? ????????
|
|
1543?1588
|
1546
|
1578
|
4
|
??????? ????????
|
|
1589?1617
|
1601
|
1603
|
5
|
???????? ????????? ????????
|
|
1617?1682
|
1618
|
1622
|
6
|
????????????? ????????
|
|
1683?1706
|
1688
|
1697
|
7
|
????????? ????????
|
|
1707?1757
|
1712
|
1720
|
8
|
???????? ????????
|
|
1758?1804
|
1760
|
1762
|
9
|
?????????? ????????
|
|
1805?1815
|
1807
|
1808
|
10
|
????????????? ????????
|
|
1816?1837
|
1822
|
1822
|
11
|
????????? ????????
|
|
1838?1856
|
1841
|
1842
|
12
|
???????? ????????
|
|
1857?1875
|
1858
|
1860
|
13
|
????????? ????????
|
|
1876?1933
|
1878
|
1879
|
14
|
??????? ????????
|
|
born 1935
|
1939
[21]
|
1940
(currently in exile)
|
????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????. ????????? ???? ????????? 1707 ???? 28 ?, ?????? 25 ????????? ??????, ??-??????? ???? "??????" 6 ? ????????? ???????????. ?????, ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????????? .
[22]
[23]
[24]
??????? ???? ??????????
[
??????
]
1970 ? ??????, ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????, ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ????????. ? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????, "??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????." ??? ???????.
[25]
? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????.
[26]
?????????? 2007 ??, ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. ??????
???????? ???????
???? ?????? ????????? 15 ? ??????? ???? ?????.
[27]
[28]
?????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ???? ??????. ???????????, ??????? 15 ? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????.
?????? ?????????????,
14 ? ???????
????????? ???? ???????, ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????. "????
?????
, ????? ?????, ?????????, ? ?????? ???... ???? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????" ??? ??????? ???????. "??? ? ????????????? ????????? ???? ???????. ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????????: ?????. ?????, ??? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? "
[29]
14 ? ??????? 1969 ????, ??????? ?????? "???????????? ?????" ????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????.
[30]
?? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????????.
[31]
?? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????.
[32]
[33]
??????? ??. ??????? ???????, "??????? ??????? ?????
????????
,
??????
,
??????
????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????".
14 ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????.
[34]
"????????? ????????" ??, ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ????.
[35]
"?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ??, ?????? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????????" ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????.
- ↑
Schaik, Sam van.
Tibet: A History
. Yale University Press 2011, page 129, "Gelug: the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism"
- ↑
Peter Popham (29 January 2015).
"Relentless: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Steel"
.
Newsweek
.
His mystical legitimacy ? of huge importance to the faithful ? stems from the belief that the Dalai Lamas are manifestations of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion
- ↑
Laird 2006, p. 12.
- ↑
Woodhead, Linda (2016).
Religions in the Modern World
. Abingdon:
Routledge
. p. 94.
ISBN
978-0-415-85881-6
.
- ↑
Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations
. Taylor and Francis. 2016. Kindle locations 2519?2522.
- ↑
Cantwell and Kawanami (2016).
Religions in the Modern World
. Routledge. p. 94.
ISBN
978-0-415-85880-9
.
- ↑
Smith 1997, pp. 107?149.
- ↑
"Tibet Couldn't Lose What It Never Had"
.
The New York Times
(in ???????? ????????). 1 March 1994.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
4 July
2019
.
- ↑
Emilian Kavalski (1 April 2016).
The Ashgate Research Companion to Chinese Foreign Policy
. Routledge. pp. 445?.
ISBN
978-1-317-04389-8
.
- ↑
Laird 2006, p. 143.
- ↑
11.0
11.1
?????????? ??????? ?????????
??
Dalai Lama
????? ???????
- ↑
??英 (2005).
??喇??世及?史定制英
. 五洲?播出版社. pp. 16?.
ISBN
978-7-5085-0745-3
.
- ↑
Petech, Luciano (1977).
The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950?1842 A.D.
(PDF)
. Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ↑
Thubten Jinpa (15 July 2008).
"Introduction"
.
The Book of Kadam
. Wisdom Publications.
ISBN
978-0-86171-441-4
.
Available textual evidence points strongly toward the 11th and 12th centuries as the period during which the full myth of Avalokite?vara's special destiny with Tibet was established. During this era, the belief that this compassionate spirit intervenes in the fate of the Tibetan people by manifesting as benevolent rulers and teachers took firm root
- ↑
Thubten Jinpa (15 July 2008).
"Introduction"
.
The Book of Kadam
. Wisdom Publications.
ISBN
978-0-86171-441-4
.
Perhaps the most important legacy of the book, at least for the Tibetan people as a whole, is that it laid the foundation for the later identification of Avalokite?vara with the lineage of the Dalai Lama
- ↑
Thubten Jinpa (15 July 2008).
"Introduction"
.
The Book of Kadam
. Wisdom Publications.
ISBN
978-0-86171-441-4
.
For the Tibetans, the mythic narrative that began with Avalokite?vara's embodiment in the form of Songtsen Gampo in the seventh century?or even earlier with the mythohistorical figures of the first king of Tibet, Nyatri Tsenpo (traditionally calculated to have lived around the fifth century B.C.E.), and Lha Thothori Nyentsen (ca. third century c.e.), during whose reign some sacred Buddhist scriptures are believed to have arrived in Tibet... continued with Dromtonpa in the eleventh century
- ↑
Thubten Jinpa (15 July 2008).
"Introduction"
.
The Book of Kadam
. Wisdom Publications.
ISBN
978-0-86171-441-4
.
For the Tibetans, the mythic narrative... continues today in the person of His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama
- ↑
"Murder in Tibet's High Places"
.
Smithsonian
. 10 April 2012
. Retrieved
15 December
2015
.
- ↑
"Reincarnation"
.
14th Dalai Lama
. 24 September 2011. Archived from
the original
on 14 ?? 2015
. Retrieved
17 December
2015
.
;
- ↑
"China says boy picked by Dalai Lama now a college graduate"
.
AP NEWS
. 19 May 2020.
- ↑
"Chronology of Events"
.
His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet
. Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Archived from
the original
on 1 ??????? 2017
. Retrieved
18 April
2015
.
;
- ↑
Stein 1972, p. 85.
- ↑
Chapman, F. Spencer
. (1940).
Lhasa: The Holy City
, p. 127. Readers Union Ltd. London.
- ↑
Mullin 2001, p. 276.
- ↑
Glenn H. Mullin
, "Faces of the Dalai Lama: Reflections on the Man and the Tradition,"
Quest
, vol. 6, no. 3, Autumn 1993, p. 80.
- ↑
Verhaegen 2002, p. 5.
- ↑
"Reincarnation of living Buddha needs gov't approval"
.
China Daily
. Retrieved
11 March
2018
.
- ↑
Ramesh, Randeep; Watts, Jonathan (28 November 2007).
"Dalai Lama challenges China ? with a referendum on reincarnation"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
11 March
2018
.
- ↑
Interview with Tashi Wangdi
, David Shankbone,
Wikinews
, 14 November 2007.
- ↑
"Dalai's reincarnation will not be found under Chinese control"
. Government of Tibet in Exile. Archived from
the original
on 12 July 2009.
- ↑
Dalai Lama may forgo death before reincarnation
Archived
1 ???????? 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
, Jeremy Page,
The Australian
, 29 November 2007.
- ↑
"The Dalai Lama"
. BBC. 21 September 2006
. Retrieved
17 May
2008
.
- ↑
"Dalai's reincarnation will not be found under Chinese control"
. Government of Tibet in Exile ex Indian Express 6 July 1999. Archived from
the original
on 12 July 2009.
- ↑
Haas, Michaela (18 March 2013).
"Why is there no female Dalai Lama?"
. Retrieved
7 February
2017
.
- ↑
Puri, Bharati (2006) "Engaged Buddhism ? The Dalai Lama's Worldview" New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006