??????????? ???????? ????
????????? ??? ???????????
(
??????
:
Tajikistan
) (???? ??? : То?икистон), (
????????
: ?????? ) ???????
????? ??????? ????????? ?????????
,
???? ?????????
?? ?????. ??????
?????????????
,
????
,
???????? ??????
,,
????????????????
?????????? ???????. ????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????.
???????????
????
?????
? ???????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????
????
.
2013
????????? ????????? ??????? 8 ?????????? ?????. ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? 98 ? ???????? ????. ??? ???????? 143100 ?.??.??. ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? 96? ???????? ????. ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????. ????????? ?????? ??????????, ????????????, ????????????? ?????? ???????????????.
???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????.
[2]
?????
??????
??????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????. ?????????- ????????? (?????? ????????), ?????????? ????????, ????????, ??????????? ??????????????, ?????????????????, ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????.
? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????. ???????? ???????,
??????
?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????.
??????? ???????
?????????? ??????
1991
?????????? ???????????????? ???????.
1992
-
1997
???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????????.
?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? " ?????????????? ????????? ". ?????????? ???? 8 ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? (?????? ???????? ?????? ????) ???????????????. ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ?????? 90% ???? ?????????? ???????.
??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ????. ???? ??.??.??. ????????????? 126? ???????? ????. ????????????? ????????????? 136? ???????? ????.
?????????? ???? " ????? ???? " ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????.
[3]
or "country"
[4]
?????? ????????? ????????????? (7? ??????????? ????? ) ?????? ?????????.
[5]
1997
" ??????? ??? ????????? " ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????. 12? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????, ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????.
[5]
? ???????? ?????????? ????.?? 4? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????, ?????????- ????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ????????, ???? (?????? ???????????)?? ???????????.
[6]
? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????.?? 500 ????????? ??????? ??????????????.
[5]
???????? ?????????? ????.?? 7-6 ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????.
[7]
??????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????-?????????? ???????? (??????????? ?????? ????) ???? ??????. ????? ?????????? (??????, ????????) ?????????? ?????? ??????. ????.?? 150 ?? ???- ??????? ????? ???????????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??????????????.
????
????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (????.?? 141) ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? (????), ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????.
[8]
[9]
??????????? ? ????????? ????????, ??????? ???, ?????? ?????, ?????????????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????.
[10]
??.?. 1? ????????? ????? ?????????? (?????? ??????????) ? ??????????? ????????????? 4? ??????? ???? ??????????. ? ?????? ? ????????? ????????, ??????????? ??????????????, ?????????????????, ????????? ?????? ??????.
[11]
?????? ????????? ?????????? (???????? ???? ?????) ? ??????????? ???? ???????. 8? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????.
[11]
?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????.
???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? (????????? ? ??????
???????????????
???????) ?????????????. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????
????
650-680 ???????? ????????????. 710 ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ???- ???? ???? ????????????????? (?????? ?????? ?????????????,??????????,?????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????????? ???????) ???????? ????????
999-1211 ???? ??????????.
[12]
[13]
???? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????.
[14]
??????? ???- ?????? ? ??????????? ????????- ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????.
[15]
13? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.
??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? 14? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????.
16? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. 18? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ???????. 20? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ??????????? 19? ????????? 2? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????? (?????? ??????????) ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????.
19? ????????
?????
????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????.
1864
,
1885
? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? (?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????.
1870
?????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????. ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????.
[
????? ??????
]
1885
?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????. ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????.
[
????? ??????
]
19? ????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????.
[
????? ??????
]
1910, 1913 ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????????. 1916 ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ???????.
??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????.
[
????? ??????
]
1997??
??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? (????????) ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????. 4 ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ????????, ??????????????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????. ? ???????? ???????, ???????, ??????????? ??????????.
[16]
?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????, ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????.
[17]
1924??
???????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????.
1929??
????? ??????? ????????? ????????? (????? ???.???.???) ?? ???????? ????????? ???????????????. ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????
????????
, ???????? ??????? ???.???.???.?? ??????????.
1927
,
1934
???? ??????????????? ?????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.
[18]
??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????.
[18]
?????? 1927-1934, 1937-1938 ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? 10,000 ???? ?????????? ??????????.
[19]
?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????.
????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????????.
[19]
1926
,
1959
???? ????????????? ??????? ??????? 1% ????? 13% ????????????.
[20]
??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? (
1946
-
1956
) ?? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ???????.
[21]
??? ?????? ?????? ????????? (1956-61), ??????? ????????? (1961-1982), ?????? ??????? (1982-1985, 1991-1992) ? ?????? ?????????.
1939??
????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. 2,60,000 ???? ???????????????
??????
,
?????????
,
?????
??? ?????? ?????????.
[22]
????? ?????? ???????? 60,000 (4%), 1,20,000 (4%).
[23]
15,30,000 ???? ?????? ?????????.
[24]
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????, ????????? ????????????????.
[21]
1957
-
1958
????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????, ?????, ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????????????.
[21]
In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR,
[25]
??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????.
[26]
????? 1000 ?????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????.
[27]
1980
?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????. 1990 ???? ????????? ??????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????.
?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??????. ????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????.
.
[28]
??????????? 5,00,00 ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????, ????????????, ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????????.
[29]
1992??
?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????? 58% ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????.
[30]
?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????. ???????? 1,00,000 ???? ?????????. 1.2 ???????? ?????? ????????, ????????????? ??????????? ????????.
[28]
1997??
?????????????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ????????? 30% ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????.
[31]
1999
?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????. ????????? ?????? 98% ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????????????? ???????? ???????.
2006
????????? ?????? 79%?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????. 2006 ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????. ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????? ??????????????.
[32]
[33]
2010 ?? ?.???.??.?. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ????????? ????, ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????.
???????? ??????????????, ?????????????? ?????? ????????????.
[34]
2005
????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????.
2001
?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????.
2010??
????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? (70 ???????? ???????? ???????) ??????? ?????????????.
[35]
??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????..
[36]
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????????.
[37]
2010??
????? ????? ????? 25 ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???? 28 ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????.
[38]
???? ?????? 30 ???? ???????? ?????????.
[39]
??? ?????? ?????? ??????? 3 ???? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? 2010 ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????.
[40]
2012
?????? ??????- ??????? ??????? ?????????.
[41]
2015??
????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????.
[42]
2015
?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????.
[43]
???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????. ?????, ????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????.
[
????? ??????
]
. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? 40,000 ?????? 25,000 ???? ??????? ??????????. 1997?? ?????? ???????????. 1999?? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????.
[44]
???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????. " ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? " ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????. ???????? ?????? 1994 ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ???? ????????????????? ???????.
2005
??????????? ????????? ????????????, ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????.
2010
?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? (??.??.??.??) 4 ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. " ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??- ??????? ??? ?????" ??????? ????????????? ? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????.
[45]
[46]
The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.
[45]
[46]
2006 ?????? 6 ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????.
[44]
????? ??????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????.
[47]
???????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????. ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????. " ???? & ???? " ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????, ?????, ???????????, ????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????????.
???????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????.
[48]
??????????? ??????? ????. ????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????. ??? ????? ?????????? 36°, 41° N (a small area is north of 41°, ?????????? ??? 67° - 75° ????. ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????.
[49]
????????????? ??????????????? 3000 ?? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???, ????? ????? (??? ????? ????? ????????????????) ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????.
??????
|
?????
|
???????
|
????????? ?????? ????? (?????? ????????)
|
7,495 ??
|
24,590 ???????
|
?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????.
|
?.??.???. ???? ?????. (?????? ????)
|
7,134 ??
|
23,537 ???????
|
??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????. ????????? ?????? ????? ???????.
|
????????????? ?????
|
7,105 ??
|
23,310 ???????
|
????????? ?????? ????? ??????.?????? ??? ??????????.
|
???????? ????? (?????????? ????)
|
6,974 ??
|
22,881 ???????
|
?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????
|
???????? ?????????
|
6,785 ??
|
22,260 ???????
|
?????? ??????? ?????? ????????
|
??? ?????? ?????
|
6,726 ??
|
22,067 ???????
|
??.??.?, ???????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ????? ???.
|
?????? ?????
|
6,595 ??
|
21,637 ???????
|
?????? ?????? - ???????
|
?????????? ?????.
|
6,096 ??
|
20,000 ???????
|
??.??.? ??????. ???????????? ???????? ???????.
|
???????? ????.
|
5,469 ??
|
17,943 ???????
|
??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????.
|
????????? ????
|
4,280 ??
|
14,042 ???????
|
??????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????.
|
??? ????, ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ????????? ???????????????.
?????????????? 10??.?? ?????? ????? 900 ???????.
????????????? 4 ????? ???????? ???????. ????????? (????????? ) ; (???????) ??????, ???????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????- ???????? (??.??.?.?),, ????????????? ?????????.
??????????? ??? ???????????? (????????) (??????, ????) ?????????? ???????. ???????? ??????? (?????????? ????????), ???????? (??????????????). 2006 ????????? ????????? 367 ???????? ???????.
[50]
??????
|
?.???.?. 3166-2
|
?????? ?????
|
???????
|
??????? (?.??.??)
[50]
|
??.?.??. ????????
|
??????
|
?.??.??-???.??.
|
1
|
??????
|
25,400
|
2,233,500
|
????????????? ????????? ???????.
|
??.??-???.???.
|
2
|
??????
|
28,600
|
1,722,900
|
???????
|
??.??- ??.??
|
3
|
????????????
|
24,800
|
2,677,300
|
??????- ??????? ????????? (???????????????)
|
??.??-??.??
|
4
|
??????
|
64,200
|
206,000
|
??????
|
|
5
|
??????
|
10
|
724,800
|
- ???? ?????????? ?????? 2% ????????? ????? ????.
- ???????????? ????? ??????;
- ???????? ?????????? (????????) (??????)
- ???????????? (??? ????????)
- ????????? ?????? (??? ????????)
- ???????? ?????? (??????)
- ???????? (????????????) (
???:Lang-TG
; ?????? ?????? ????????.
- ????? ???? (?????? ???????? )
- ??? ???? (?????? ????????)
- ???????? (?????? ???????? )
??????? ????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????.
[
??????? ??????
]
????????? 47% ??????????? ??.??.??. ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????. (??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????).
[51]
[52]
???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????. ???????????, ???????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???, ???????????, ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????, ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. 2000 ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????.
????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. 2001 ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????. 2012 ??????? ?????????? ??????? 6,80,152 ???? ???? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? 6.70,852 ???? ???? 3 (???????? ?????, ????????? ?????) ???? ??????, 3000 ???? ???? 4 (?????????????? ?????????) ??????? ??????????????.
[53]
?????? ?????? 2000-2007 ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??.??.??. 9.6% ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????, ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????.
[54]
??????????? ?????????????? ???????????, ????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????.
[55]
????? ??? ?????????? 60% ????????? ????, 75% ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????, 45% ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????????.
[56]
????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????. ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????.
[57]
?????????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????.
[58]
670 ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????-1 ???????????? ????????? 2008 ????? 18 ????? ??????? ?????? " ???.?.? ?????? ??????? " ??.?.??? ????????????.
[59]
[60]
????????-2 ?? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????- ?????? ???????????????. 335 ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????.
[61]
[62]
??.?.??.?. 1000 ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? 1000 ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????.. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? 750 ??.??. ????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????.??,
?.???.??, ???.??, ?.??.?? ??????? ??????????????. ? ???????? ?????? ????? 865 ???????? ???????? ???????.
[63]
??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????.
2014??
??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????. 2014?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??.?????? 45% ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2015 ?????? ??? 40%?? ???? ????????? ?????????.
[64]
????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????.
[65]
2014-2015 ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
[64]
20% ??????????????? 1.25 ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????.
[66]
??????????? ????? ????????, ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. 2010 ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? 2.1 ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? 2009 ???? ?????.
[67]
2006 ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????.
[68]
????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????.
[69]
[70]
?????????? ???????????? ??.???.?.??.??., ??.???, ?????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????.
[71]
??????????? ????????, ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????.
[72]
[73]
???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????.
[70]
??.???.?.??.??. ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? " ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? " ???????? ??????????? ?????????.
[74]
??????????? " ??????? ???????? ??????????? " (?.??.?) ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????.
2013
?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ????. ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????, ????, ???? ?????????? ????????????. ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????
?????
,
?????????????
????????????? ??????? ?????????????.
2009??
??????????, ?????, ???????????????? 1,300 ??.?? ?????? ??????, ???? ????????, ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????. ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? - ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????.
[75]
2012??
???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ????????????, ??????, ?????, ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????, ?????, ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????.
[76]
?????????? ?????? ????? 680 ??.??.
[77]
???? ???? 1530??.??
1,520 mm
(
4 ft
11
+
27
⁄
32
in
)??? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ?????????? (??????, ????? ?????), ?????????????, ????????????????, ??????????, ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????????????.
[78]
?????????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????????.
[79]
????????? ???????????? ???????????? - ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????.
[79]
2009??
?????????????? 26 ????????????? ???????.
[77]
?????? 18 ??????????????
???????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? 3,000 ?? ?????? ???????? ???????.
[80]
2015
??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ??????, ?????????????, ??????????, ??????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????. ??????, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ( ????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ????) ???????. ???
??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? 27,800 ??.??. ?????? ?????????? 90% ??????????? ??????????????????. ???????????? 80% ?????? ???????? ??????????????.
[79]
2004??
???????????, ???????????? ???? ?????- ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????. ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????.
[81]
2014 ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????? - ????? (???? ????????), ????????- ??????- ?????? ?????? (???????????? ????????) ??????? ?????????????, ?????????????? ?????? ????, ???????????, ??? ???, ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????.
[82]
[83]
?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????.
[79]
[84]
2009
???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? 7,349,145.
[85]
?????? 70% 30 ????????? ???? ????. 30% ?????? 14-30 ????????? ????????.
[86]
??????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ( ???????? ?????? ??? ????). ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??????????? ???????????, ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????????.
[87]
??????? ???? ????? ??????, ????????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????????. ???????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????????.
[85]
1989?? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? 7.6% ???????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? 0.5% ???? ???????? ???????.
[88]
" ????? , ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? " 1979?? 38,853 ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????????.
[89]
??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????. ??????????????, ???????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ????????? " ???????? " ???????? ????? ????? ???" ?? ??????????????????
2009
???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????????.
[90]
??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????. ??????? 95.5% ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ???????.
[85]
??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????.
2009 ????????? ????????? ????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ????????? (??????????? ???????) ???????????????.
[91]
70% ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????.
[92]
??????????? ???? 80% ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? (???????), ??????, ??????, ????????, ??????????, ??????, ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????, ??????????, ???????? ???????????????? ???????.
??????????? ????????? ???? ??????- ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????, ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????, ????????????? ??????? ??????. ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????. ????? ??????, ?????, ????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????, ???????????? ????????????????. ???????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.
????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ????? 25,000 ????????? ??????????????. 20? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????????????. ???? ??????? ????? ???????????????. ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????.
??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????????. ???
1988??
???????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. .
[93]
?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????
2009??
??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????.
[94]
??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????. ????????? ???- ???- ??????, ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????. ??.??? ?????? ?????????????, ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? 98% ?????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? 87%-95% ?????? ??????????, ?????? 3% ?????? ???? ??????????, 7% ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????.
[95]
[96]
??????? 2% ?????? ?????? ?????????? . ??????? ???????????, ?????????????, ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ?????? 1 ????, ????????? 10% ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ????.?? 2? ??????? ????? ????????????????. ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????.
????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????????? ????????.
??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????. ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????. ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? (1992-1997) ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????. ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????.
[97]
???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????.
[
?????
]
?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????????. .
????????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????. 10 ???? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????. ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????.
[98]
18 ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????.
[99]
????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????. ?????, ????? ????????
2000??
?????????????? 1,04,272 ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????. ???? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????. ??????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????????.
[100]
2004
??????????? ????? ????????? ??.??.???? 1% ??????????????.
[101]
2012
????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? 66.38 ??????????.
[102]
2012 ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? 1000 ?????? 37.
[103]
2011 ????????? ????????? ????? 1,00,000 ???? ??????? 170 ???? ???????? ???????.
[104]
2010 ????????? ????????? 457 ???????, ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? 29 ???? ????????? ??????????????..
[105]
?????????????? ????? 11 ????????? ?????????????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???????????
2016
????? ????????? 12 ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????. .
[106]
?????????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????????????? 76 ???????????????, 15 ????????? ???????.
[106]
"??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??, ???????? & ?????????? ", ?????? ?????? ???????????, ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????, ??? ????????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????????.
2008
???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? 17%. ??? ?????? ?????? (37%) ???? ??? ??????. .
[107]
????????????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????????.
[107]
????????? ????? ????? 2005-2012 ????? ??.??.?? ????? 3.5% ????? 4.1% ????? ?????????.
[108]
?.?.??.?? ????????? ????? (6%) ???? ??? ??????.
[107]
?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????.
[107]
???????? ??.???.???.??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? 25% ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????.
[109]
????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ????.
[101]
[107]
??????????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ???????, ???? ??????????, ?????????, ?????????????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ?????????????? ???? 7,000 ???????? ?????, ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????.
?????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???.???.?, ?????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ????????????.
??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????????.
2012??
??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????. ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????????.
??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????.
??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????, (2008 ???????????), ?????? ?????????? - ????? ???????????? 84 ??.????. (??????? 2008), ?????? ????? (???? 2008 ?????? ??????????- ????? 73 ??.????; ???????: ???????), ??????? ?????? ????? (????????? 2012 ??????????- ?????? ???? ??????; ???????).
???????? - ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (?????????? ??????? ????????? ) ???? ???? ????? ?????????????????.
[110]
- ↑
??????????? ??????? ??????????
, ?????? 6, 1994, ???????? 2.
- ↑
"Proto-urban Site of Sarazm"
.
UNESCO.org
. UNESCO
. Retrieved
9 August
2014
.
- ↑
"What's the Story Behind All the 'Stans?"
.
About.com
. Archived from
the original
on 1 ??????? 2013
. Retrieved
10 August
2014
.
- ↑
"-Stan"
.
Online Etymology Dictionary
. Retrieved
10 August
2014
.
- ↑
5.0
5.1
5.2
A Country Study: Tajikistan, Ethnic Background,
Library of Congress Call Number DK851 .K34 1997,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+tj0013%29
- ↑
UNESCO, pro-urban site of Sarazm,
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141
- ↑
See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of B??a's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118, Dr J. C. Vidyalankara; Pr?c?na Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiy?l?la K?mboja, Dr Satyavrat ??str? - Kamboja (Pakistan).
- ↑
C. Michael Hogan,
Silk Road, North China
, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham
- ↑
Shiji
, trans. Burton Watson
- ↑
Wood 2002:66
- ↑
11.0
11.1
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+tj0014%29
- ↑
"Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
.
eb.com
.
- ↑
Grousset, Rene (2004).
The Empire of the Steppes
. Rutgers University Press.
ISBN
0-8135-1304-9
.
- ↑
Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 5 - The Qarakhanids".
A history of Inner Asia
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
0-521-65704-0
.
- ↑
ilak-khanids
: Iranica. accessed May 2014.
- ↑
Pipes, Richard (1955).
"Muslims of Soviet Central Asia: Trends and Prospects (Part I)"
.
Middle East Journal
.
9
(2): 149?150
. Retrieved
9 August
2014
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ↑
"A Country Study: Tajikistan, Impact of the Civil War"
. U.S. Library of Congress.
- ↑
18.0
18.1
"Tajikistan - Collectivization"
.
countrystudies.us
.
- ↑
19.0
19.1
"Tajikistan - The Purges"
.
countrystudies.us
.
- ↑
Tajikistan ? Ethnic Groups
,
U.S. Library of Congress
- ↑
21.0
21.1
21.2
"Tajikistan - The Postwar Period"
.
countrystudies.us
.
- ↑
Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan
, by Kamoludin Abdullaev,Shahram Akbarzaheh, 2010, second edition, pg 383
- ↑
Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke spravochnik. Moscow 2004;
ISBN 5-93165-107-1
, pp. 23?35
- ↑
C. Peter Chen.
"Tajikistan in World War II"
.
WW2DB
. Archived from
the original
on 26 July 2014
. Retrieved
27 September
2015
.
- ↑
Boris Rumer,
Soviet Central Asia: A Tragic Experiment
, Unwin Hyman, London, 1989, p. 126.
- ↑
Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990
, Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 115
(in Russian)
.
- ↑
Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990
, Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 210
(in Russian)
.
- ↑
28.0
28.1
"Tajikistan: rising from the ashes of civil war"
. United Nations
. Retrieved
10 August
2014
.
- ↑
"Human Rights Watch World Report 1994: Tajikistan"
. Human Rights Watch. Archived from
the original
on 24 ?????????? 2015
. Retrieved
10 August
2014
.
- ↑
"Telling the truth for more than 30 years - Tajikistan After the Elections: Post-Soviet Dictatorship"
.
Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
. June 1995
. Retrieved
2013-09-13
.
- ↑
Jim Nichol.
"Central Asia's Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests"
(PDF)
. Federation of American Scientists. p. 8
. Retrieved
10 August
2014
.
- ↑
"REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION"
. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
. Retrieved
10 August
2014
.
- ↑
"OSCE and CIS Observers Disagree on Presidential Election in Tajikistan"
.
New Eurasia
. Retrieved
10 August
2014
.
- ↑
"OSCE urges Tajikistan to stop attacks on free media"
. Reuters. 18 October 2010. Archived from
the original
on 10 ?? 2011
. Retrieved 27 ?????????? 2015
.
- ↑
Kucera, Joshua (7 September 2010).
"Tajikistan's Ayni airbase opens -- but who is using it?"
.
The Bug Pit - The military and security in Eurasia
. The Open Society Institute
. Retrieved
12 September
2013
.
- ↑
"Tajikistan: Dushanbe Dangling Ayni Air Base Before Russia"
. EurasiaNet.org. 19 October 2010
. Retrieved
13 September
2013
.
- ↑
"Ratification of Russian military base deal provides Tajikistan with important security guarantees"
.
Jane's
. Archived from
the original
on 3 August 2014
. Retrieved
10 August
2014
.
- ↑
"Tajikistan says restive east is under control"
. BBC News. 18 October 2010.
- ↑
"Tajikistan Says Kills Three Suspected Islamist Militants"
. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. 18 October 2010
. Retrieved
12 September
2013
.
- ↑
"Tajikistan: The government withdraws troops from the Rasht valley"
. Ferghana Information agency, Moscow. 3 November 2010
. Retrieved
2013-09-13
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ↑
Khayrullo Fayz (24 July 2012).
"Tajikistan clashes: 'Many dead' in Gorno-Badakhshan"
. BBC Uzbek
. Retrieved
13 September
2013
.
- ↑
"Why Russia Will Send More Troops to Central Asia"
.
Stratfor
.
- ↑
"Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State"
. Reuters. 28 May 2015. Archived from
the original
on 24 ?????????? 2015
. Retrieved 27 ?????????? 2015
.
- ↑
44.0
44.1
Greenberg, Ilan, "Media Muzzled and Opponents Jailed, Tajikistan Readies for Vote,"
The New York Times
, 4 November 2006 (article dateline 3 November 2006), page A7, New York edition
- ↑
45.0
45.1
"Change you can't believe in"
.
The Economist
. 4 March 2010
. Retrieved
5 March
2010
.
- ↑
46.0
46.1
"Tajikistan elections criticised by poll watchdog"
.
BBC
. 1 March 2010
. Retrieved
5 March
2010
.
- ↑
"Press TV - Iran makes move to join SCO"
. Presstv.ir. 24 March 2008. Archived from
the original
on 31 ?????? 2009
. Retrieved
2 October
2009
.
- ↑
"Tajik Government's Fury Over Conflict Reporting"
. Iwpr.net. 22 October 2010. Archived from
the original
on 26 September 2014
. Retrieved
14 January
2011
.
- ↑
Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb. 2013. "Pamir Alpine Desert and Tundra." Robert Warren Howarth (ed.),
Biomes & Ecosystems
, Vol. 3. Ipswich, MA: Salem Press, pp. 978-980.
- ↑
50.0
50.1
Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2008
, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2008
(in Russian)
- ↑
"
Remittance man
". The Economist. 7 September 2013.
- ↑
Tajikistan: Building a Democracy (video), United Nations, March 2014,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1ey-4PO7fE
- ↑
"Integrated Food Security Phase Classification"
(PDF)
.
usaid.gov
. USAID
. Retrieved
9 August
2014
.
- ↑
"BBC's Guide to Central Asia"
. BBC News. 2005-06-20
. Retrieved
2006-11-01
.
- ↑
"Background Note: Tajikistan"
. US Department of State, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs. December 2007. Archived from
the original
on 1 August 2011
. Retrieved
2008-03-08
.
- ↑
"Tajikistan: Over 392.5 thousand tons of cotton picked in Tajikistan"
. BS-AGRO. December 12, 2013. Archived from
the original
on 20 December 2013
. Retrieved
5 October
2015
.
- ↑
"Алюминий по-таджикски (
Tajikistani Aluminium
)"
(in Russian). Эксперт Казахстан (Ekspert Kazakhstan) #23. 2004-12-06. Archived from
the original
on 10 November 2011
. Retrieved
2008-03-08
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
link
)
- ↑
"Highest Dams (World and U.S.)"
. ICOLD World Register of Dams. 1998. Archived from
the original
on 5 April 2008
. Retrieved
2008-03-08
.
- ↑
"Первая очередь Сангтудинской ГЭС в Таджикистане будет запущена 18 января (
First stage of the Sangtuda HPS launched on 18 January
)"
(in Russian). Vesti. 2007-12-25. Archived from
the original
on 5 April 2008
. Retrieved
2008-03-08
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
link
)
- ↑
"Sangtuda-1 HPS launched on January 18, 2008"
. Today Energy. 2008-01-05. Archived from
the original
on 16 January 2009
. Retrieved
2008-03-08
.
- ↑
"Iran participates in power plant project in Tajikistan"
. IRNA. 2007-04-24. Archived from
the original
on 28 April 2013
. Retrieved
2008-03-08
.
- ↑
"Chinese To Build Tajik Hydroelectric Plant"
. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 2007-01-18
. Retrieved
2008-03-08
.
- ↑
"Pakistan can end power crisis thru CASA 1000"
.
The Gazette of Central Asia
. Satrapia. 2011-08-13
. Retrieved
2012-06-08
.
- ↑
64.0
64.1
"Tajikistan: Remittances to Plunge 40% ? World Bank"
.
EurasiaNet.org
.
- ↑
Ratha, Dilip; Mohapatra, Sanket; K.M,, Vijayalakshmi; Xu, Zhimei (2007-11-29).
"Remittance Trends 2007. Migration and Development Brief 3"
(PDF)
.
World Bank
. Retrieved
2008-03-08
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (
link
)
- ↑
"UNDP: Human development indices - Table 3: Human and income poverty (Population living below national poverty line (2000-2007))"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
2009-10-02
.
- ↑
Alexei Kireyev (January 2006).
"The Macroeconomics of Remittances: The Case of Tajikistan. IMF Working Paper WP/06/2"
(PDF)
.
IMF
. Retrieved
8 March
2008
.
- ↑
"Tajikistan Policy Note. Poverty Reduction and Enhancing the Development Impact of Remittances. Report No. 35771-TJ"
(PDF)
.
World Bank
. June 2006. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
8 March
2008
.
- ↑
MEET THE STANS -- episodes 3&4: Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, BBC, 2011,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFVcQ7ZxC1o
- ↑
70.0
70.1
Silk Road Studies,
Country Factsheets, Eurasian Narcotics: Tajikistan 2004
- ↑
Roger McDermott (2006-01-10).
"Dushanbe looks towards Afghanistan to combat drug trafficking"
. Eurasia Daily Monitor. Archived from
the original
on 2008-06-02
. Retrieved
2015-10-05
.
- ↑
"Central Asia: Tajikistan"
.
The World Factbook
. CIA. Archived from
the original
on 2001-03-31
. Retrieved
2013-09-12
.
- ↑
Overview of the drug and crime situation in Central Asia. Factsand Figures
, Coordination and Analysis Unit of the
UNODC
Regional Office for Central Asia
- ↑
Fighting Drugs, Crime and Terrorism in the CIS Dushanbe, 4 October 2007
[
dead link
]
- ↑
"President Zardari chairs PPP consultative meeting"
. Associated Press of Pakistan. 10 August 2009
. Retrieved
11 August
2009
.
- ↑
"Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan sign agreement on road, railway construction"
.
tehrantimes.com
. Tehran Times. Archived from
the original
on 6 ??????? 2015
. Retrieved
9 August
2014
.
- ↑
77.0
77.1
"CIA World Factbook - Tajikistan"
. April 28, 2010. Archived from
the original
on 2001-03-31
. Retrieved
May 21,
2010
.
- ↑
Migrant Express Part 1: Good-bye Dushanbe
.
YouTube
. 1 September 2009.
- ↑
79.0
79.1
79.2
79.3
Administrator.
"Tajikistan Mission - Infrastructure"
.
tajikistanmission.ch
. Archived from
the original
on 31 May 2014
. Retrieved
7 October
2015
.
- ↑
CIA World Factbook.
Tajikistan
Archived
2001-03-31 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
"US Army Corps of Engineer, Afghanistan-Tajikistan Bridge"
. US Army Corps of Engineer. Archived from
the original
on 3 April 2015
. Retrieved
2008-03-08
.
- ↑
Shar-Shar auto tunnel links Tajikistan to China
, The 2.3km Shar-Shar car tunnel linking Tajikistan and China opened to traffic on Aug. 30.,Siyavush Mekhtan, 2009-09-03
- ↑
Chormaghzak Tunnel renamed Khatlon Tunnel and Shar-Shar Tunnel renamed Ozodi Tunnel, 12/02/2014 15:49, Payrav Chorshanbiyev,
http://news.tj/en/news/chormaghzak-tunnel-renamed-khatlon-tunnel-and-shar-shar-tunnel-renamed-ozodi-tunnel
Archived
2014 ?? 31 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
Trade, tunnels, transit and training in mountainous Tajikistan, May 7, 2013,
http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/leighturner/2013/05/07/trade-tunnels-transit-and-training-in-mountainous-tajikistan/
- ↑
85.0
85.1
85.2
"Central Asia: Tajikistan"
.
The World Factbook
. CIA. Archived from
the original
on 31 ?????? 2001
. Retrieved
12 September
2013
.
- ↑
Tajikistan: Building a Democracy (video), United Nations, March 2014,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1ey-4PO7fE
- ↑
Russians left behind in Central Asia
, Robert Greenall, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
- ↑
Tajikistan - Ethnic Groups
. Source:
U.S. Library of Congress.
- ↑
Russian-Germans in Tajikistan
Archived
2009-08-20 at the
Wayback Machine
. Pohl, J. Otto. "Russian-Germans in Tajikistan",
Neweurasia
, 29 March 2007.
- ↑
"Tajikistan Drops Russian As Official Language"
. RFE/RL - Rferl.org. 2009-10-07
. Retrieved
2013-09-13
.
- ↑
Deployment of Tajik workers gets green light
. Arab News. 21 May 2007.
- ↑
Azimova, Aigul; Abazbekova, Nazgul (27 July 2011).
"Millennium Development Goals: Saving women's Lives"
.
D+C
. D+C. p. 289
. Retrieved
12 September
2013
.
- ↑
The Dushanbe-Boulder tea house
. Retrieved on 2 May 2009
Archived
27 ?? 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
Avaz Yuldashev (5 March 2009).
≪Ханафия≫ объявлена официальным религиозным течением Таджикистана
["Hanafi" declared the official religious movement in Tajikistan] (in ??????). Archived from
the original
on 25 August 2010
. Retrieved
7 October
2015
.
- ↑
"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"
.
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
(in ???????? ????????). 2012-08-09
. Retrieved
2023-01-19
.
- ↑
"Background Note: Tajikistan"
. State.gov. Archived from
the original
on 1 August 2011
. Retrieved
2009-10-02
.
- ↑
"Hizb ut Tahrir"
.
BBC News
. BBC. 2003-08-27
. Retrieved
2013-09-12
.
- ↑
Service, Forum 18 News.
"TAJIKISTAN: Religious freedom survey, November 2003"
.
www.forum18.org
(in ???????? ????????)
. Retrieved
2023-01-19
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ↑
U. S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report for 2013, Executive Summary
retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ↑
"Tajikistan - Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and joint assessment"
. World Bank. Archived from
the original
on 26 May 2009
. Retrieved
2006-11-01
.
- ↑
101.0
101.1
"Human Development Report 2009 - Tajikistan"
. Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from
the original
on 23 March 2010
. Retrieved
2010-06-20
.
- ↑
"Country Comparison: Life Expectancy at Birth"
.
The World Factbook
. CIA. Archived from
the original
on 2013-11-05
. Retrieved
2013-09-12
.
- ↑
"Country Comparison: Infant Mortality Rate"
.
The World Factbook
. CIA. Archived from
the original
on 2013-10-12
. Retrieved
2013-09-12
.
- ↑
"WHO/Europe - Data and statistics"
.
who.int
. Archived from
the original
on 2014-09-25
. Retrieved
2015-10-08
.
- ↑
"WHO/Europe - 2010 polio outbreak in Tajikistan: A reminder of the continued need for vigilance as the Region marks 10 years of polio-free status"
.
who.int
. Archived from
the original
on 2016-03-04
. Retrieved
2015-10-08
.
- ↑
106.0
106.1
"Tajikistan Education System"
.
classbase.com
.
- ↑
107.0
107.1
107.2
107.3
107.4
"??????? ????"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2013-11-06
. Retrieved
2015-10-08
.
- ↑
Tajikistan, Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)
World Bank
- ↑
"Tajikistan hosts education forum"
.
News note
. UNICEF. 2005-06-09. Archived from
the original
on 2013-11-04
. Retrieved
2013-09-12
.
- ↑
"Google Translate"
.
google.co.uk
. Archived from
the original
on 2016-03-04
. Retrieved
2022-05-03
.
- ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????
|
---|
???? ??????
| |
---|
???????????
| ??????, ?????????
| |
---|
??????? ???????????
| |
---|
?????????? ???????
| |
---|
|
---|