???????????, ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????
?? ?????????
????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????
????????
????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????????????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????????????, ??? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ?? ???????????? ???????-???? ????? ????? ??????????, ???????????
?????
,
????
,
???????????
,
??????????
,
????
, ???????,
????
?????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????, ????- ???? ??????-?????? ?????? ????????????????.
????????? ????????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????-???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ?????-???? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????.
[1]
?? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? (????????? ???????? ??????), ?????????? ??????????? ????????????????.
?????????? ???????
???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? 1838 ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? 1849 ?? ????? ?? ?????????-??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. 1885 ?? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????. ??????????, NY ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??-????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????, ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????. 1966 ??, ????? ????????
???????
?????????? ?????? ???????.
?? ?? ????????? ?????????: ?????, ???????????, ??????????, ????, ????, ????; ?????????????????, ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????.
[2]
????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???: ????? ??????????? ; ??????????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ?????????? (?? ) ?????????: ?? 380, ?? 384, ?? 386, ?? 390;, ?????91?? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????:
???????????,
??????
, ??????????, ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? 70 pounds (32 kg) , 10 lb (4.5 kg) , 44 lb (20 kg) , 75 lb (34 kg) , ??????.
?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? 13 mm (0.5 in) ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???????.
[3]
| ?????
|
?????? ??????
|
???? ???????????
|
| ??????????? ?????????
|
0.89 mm (0.035 in)
|
1: 100 (0.6 °)
|
| ??????,
??????
|
1.27 mm (0.050 in)
|
1:80 (0.7 °)
|
| ?????????? ?????????
|
1.27 mm (0.050 in)
|
1: 100 (0.6 °)
|
| ????? ?????????
|
0.63 mm (0.025 in)
|
1: 200 (0.3 °)
|
- ↑
"Die Casting vs Other Processes"
. Archived from
the original
on 2016-09-23
. Retrieved
2016-09-16
.
- ↑
Degarmo, p. 328.
- ↑
Degarmo, p. 331.