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??????,  00 Ta
??????
Pronunciation / ? t æ n t ?l ? m / ​ ( TAN- t?l -?m )
Appearance gray blue
Standard atomic weight A r °(Ta)
?????? in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Nb
↑
Ta
↓
Db
???????? ← ?????? → ??????????
Group ???:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period period 6
Block   d-block
Electron configuration [ Xe ] 4f 14 5d 3 6s 2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2
Physical properties
Phase at  STP solid
Melting point 3290  K ​(3017 °C, ​5463 °F)
Boiling point 5731 K ​(5458 °C, ​9856 °F)
Density (near  r.t. ) 16.69 g/cm 3
when liquid (at  m.p. ) 15 g/cm 3
Heat of fusion 36.57  kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 732.8 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 25.36 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P   (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at  T   (K) 3297 3597 3957 4395 4939 5634
Atomic properties
Oxidation state s ?3, ?1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.5
Atomic radius empirical: 146  pm
Covalent radius 170±8 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral line s of ??????
Other properties
Natural occurrence primordial
Crystal structure ​ body-centered cubic (bcc) [3]
Body-centered cubic crystal structure for టాంటలం

α-Ta
Speed of sound thin rod 3400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 6.3 μm/(m?K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 57.5 W/(m?K)
Electrical resistivity 131 n Ω?m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic [4]
Young's modulus 186 GPa
Shear modulus 69 GPa
Bulk modulus 200 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.34
Mohs hardness 6.5
Vickers hardness 873 MPa
Brinell hardness 800 MPa
CAS Number 7440-25-7
History
Discovery ??????? ???????? ????????? (1802)
?? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???? (1844)
Isotopes of ??????
Template:infobox ?????? isotopes does not exist
  Category: ??????
| references

??????? ( Ta) ?????? ????? 73 ?????? ????? ????? . ????? ???????? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????. [5] ??????? ????? ??????, ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????, ????-????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ??????-????????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????.

??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????, ???????????? ???????????????, ???????. ?????? ?????? , DVD ?????????, ?????? ???? ?????????, ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????. ???????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ????????, ????????, ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????. ????????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????. [6]

????????

[ ?????? ]

????? ???????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? ????-????? ?????? ????, [7] ?????????, ???? ???? ??, ???? ???????, ??????? ????????, ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????????????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????. ????????, 150 ° C ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????, ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? 3017 °C (????? ?????? 5458 °C) ???????? ??????? , ?????????? , ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????.

??????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????????? ??????, ?????????; ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???????, ???????? ???????; ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?? ????????????. 750?775 °C ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. [8] [9]

?????????

[ ?????? ]

??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???: 180m Ta (0.012%), 181 Ta (99.988%). 181 Ta ????? ???????? ??????? . 180m Ta ( m ?? ???????????? ???????? ???????????) ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??????: ????????? 180 Ta ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? 180 W ??, ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? 180 Hf ??. ?????, ? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ????-??????? ????? ????????? ??????? (2.0× 10 16  ??????????) ???? ??????????. [10] 180 Ta ????? ??????? ???????? ????? 8 ???? ???? ?????? ???????. 180m Ta ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? (????????????, ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????). ?????? ????? ?????????, 180m Ta ????????? ????????? (????????????, ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????) ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.

????? ??????????

[ ?????? ]

??????? -III ????? +V ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ?????????? Ta(V) ????? ?????????. Ta, Nb ? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????. ??? ?????????, Ta +V ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. ???????? ???, ??????? ?????????????? , ??????????? , ???????? , ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? Ta(V) ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????. [11] ???????? ?????????, ?????????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? Ta ??????????. [12]

?????????, ??????????, ??????????, ?????????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? (Ta 2 O 5 ) ?????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. [13]

[TaO 4 ] 3? ???? [TaO 3 ] - ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? (LiTaO 3 ) ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????? (LaTaO 4 ) ??????? TaO 3?
4 ???????????? ????? ???????.

?????

[ ?????? ]
????????, ???????? ??????, ???????????

???? ??????? ???????, ?????? 1 -2 ppm ???? ???????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????. ???: ???????? (????????-(Fe), ????????-(Mn), ????????-(Mg)) ??????????, ??????????, ????????? (??????????? ?????????-(Y)), ?????????? (??????????? ??????????-(Y)). [14] ???????? ( Fe , Mn )Ta 2 O 6 ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??????????? ???????? ( Fe , Mn ) (Ta, Nb ) 2 O 6 ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???????; ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???, ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? (???? ???????? ) ??? ??????????. ???????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???????? ???????????, ???????????? ?? ???????.

Grey and white world map with China, Australia, Brazil and Kongo colored blue representing less than 10% of the tantalum world production each and Rwanda colored in green representing 60% of tantalum world production
2015?? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????

2010??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????. ??????? ???????????? ??????? (????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????) ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ??????????????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2008 ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? 2011 ??????? ????????. [15] ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? "... ??????? ???????? ??????..." ????? ?????? ???? [16] 2012 ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ????????????. [17] ?????????? ?????-???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? , ??????? . ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????. ???? , ????????? , ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ????????? , ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????. ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. [18] [19]

21? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????. 2007 ????? 2014 ????, ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? , ??????? , ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????. [20] ???? ??????? , ??????? , ?????????????? , ????, ?????????, ?????, ???????????, ???????? ???????? , ?????????? , ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????.

2060 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. [21]

????????

[ ?????? ]

??????????????

[ ?????? ]
??????? ?????????????? ?????????

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???????????? ??????, ????????? ???????????, ?????? ????-???? ??????????? ?????????? ????. ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ???????????? ?? "??????" ????, ?????????? ?????????????? ????, ???????????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? "??????" ???? ????????. ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? (????????, ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????), ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ???????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????, ??????? ??????????? , ????????? ??????????????, ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????. [22]

?????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ???, ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????????? , ??????? ??????, ???? ???????????, ?????????, ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????. [23] [22] ???? ????????? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????????, ?????? ?????????. ???????, ?????????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????. ????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????.

?????????????? ????? , ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????. ? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ?????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???????????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????. [24]

??? ????????

[ ?????? ]

??????? 1, 2 ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????????? NASA ?????????? ????????????. [25] ???? ???????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ???????. ???????? ????????????, ?????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????, ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????. [26] ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????????. [27] [28]

???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????. ???. ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ???????, ?????????????, ?????, ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????. [29] ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????. [30] ??????? ???????, ???????????-???? ???? ???????, ? ??????????? MRI ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????. [31] ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. [32]

??????????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? , ?????? ?????? ???????.

?????????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????????? (OSHA) ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????? (???????????? ??????????? ??????? ) 8 ???? ????????? 5mg/m 3 ????????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? (NIOSH) ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? (REL) 8 ???? ????????? 5 mg/m 3 ?????????, ??????????? ??????? 10 mg/m 3 ????????? ?????????????. 2500 mg/m 3 ????????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????? ????????? . [33]

??????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tantalum" . CIAAW . 2005.
  2. ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ????????). doi : 10.1515/pac-2019-0603 . ISSN   1365-3075 .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 doi : 10.1107/S0567740873004140
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  4. ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  5. ↑ Euripides , Orestes
  6. ↑ "European Commission (2010). Critical Raw Materials for the EU. Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials" . European Commission . Apr 29, 2015. {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
  7. ↑ Colakis, Marianthe; Masello, Mary Joan (2007-06-30). "Tantalum" . Classical Mythology & More: A Reader Workbook . ISBN   978-0-86516-573-1 .
  8. ↑ (2019). " Electronic structure of β-Ta films from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles calculations ".
  9. ↑ (2004). " Texture, structure and phase transformation in sputter beta tantalum coating ".
  10. ↑ . " Search for the radioactivity of 180mTa using an underground HPGe sandwich spectrometer ".
  11. ↑ Agulyansky, Anatoly (2004). The Chemistry of Tantalum and Niobium Fluoride Compounds .
  12. ↑ (2015-07-01). " Solubility of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) under mild alkaline conditions ".
  13. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N. ; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann . ISBN   0080379419 .
  14. ↑ "Mines, Minerals and More" . Mindat.org.
  15. ↑ "Talison Tantalum eyes mid-2011 Wodgina restart 2010-06-09" . Reuters . 2010-06-09. Archived from the original on 2011-01-19 . Retrieved 2010-08-27 .
  16. ↑ Emery, Kate (24 Jan 2012). "GAM closes Wodgina tantalum mine" . The West Australian . Archived from the original on 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Worldwide softening tantalum demand and delays in receiving Governmental approval for installation of necessary crushing equipment are among contributing factors in this decision
  17. ↑ "Wodgina Operations" . Global Advanced Metals. 2008. Archived from the original on 2016-10-06 . Retrieved 2011-03-28 .
  18. ↑ Gupta, C. K.; Suri, A. K. (1994). Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium . CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-8493-6071-8 .
  19. ↑ Papp, John F. (2006). "2006 Minerals Yearbook Nb & Ta" . US Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008-06-03 .
  20. ↑ Bleiwas, Donald I.; Papp, John F.; Yager, Thomas R. (2015). "Shift in Global Tantalum Mine Production, 2000?2014" (PDF) . U.S. Geological Survey.
  21. ↑ . " How much is left? ".
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Commodity Report 2008: Tantalum" (PDF) . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008-10-24 . ??????? ????: ??????? <ref> ??????; "USGSCR08" ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????
  23. ↑ "Tantalum Products: Tantalum Sheet & Plate | Admat Inc" . Admat Inc. (in ???????? ????????). Archived from the original on 2018-08-29 . Retrieved 2018-08-28 .
  24. ↑ ??????? ????: ??????? <ref> ??????; Balke ??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
  25. ↑ Bell, Jim (2015). The Interstellar Age: the story of the NASA men and women who flew the forty-year Voyager mission . New York: Dutton. p. 110. ISBN   978-0-525-95432-3 .
  26. ↑ Nemat-Nasser, Sia. " Microstructure of high-strain, high-strain-rate deformed tantalum ".
  27. ↑ Walters, William. " The penetration resistance of a titanium alloy against jets from tantalum shaped charge liners ".
  28. ↑ Russell, Alan M. Structure-property relations in nonferrous metals . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN   978-0-471-64952-6 .
  29. ↑ Gerald L. Burke (1940). " The Corrosion of Metals in Tissues; and An Introduction to Tantalum ".
  30. ↑ Black, J. (1994). " Biological performance of tantalum ".
  31. ↑ Paganias, Christos G.. " Osseous integration in porous tantalum implants ".
  32. ↑ Musikant, Solomon (1985). "Optical Glass Composition" . Optical Materials: An Introduction to Selection and Application . CRC Press. p. 28. ISBN   978-0-8247-7309-0 .
  33. ↑ "CDC ? NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards ? Tantalum (metal and oxide dust, as Ta)" . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015-11-24 .
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