?????? ???????
?????????/??
??????? ??? ?????
??????????
??? ?????,
????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????????
?????
.?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????.???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ??, ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????.
1893, ?????? 10? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? 10?
?????? ??? ???? ?????????
????????????.
[1]
??? ?????? ????? ?????
[
??????
]
??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????. ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??, ????????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????.??????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????.??????? ????? ?????? ?????/???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ???????
??????
,
??????????
???????? ????? ?????????.
????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? (????????? ????? ???????????? ??????), ?????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????????, ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????
??? ??????
?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ???? ??????????? ????, ???? ???? ?????????
?????
,
?????
??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????/?????? ?????????.????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? (??? ?????? ??????) ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????.??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????.???? ???? ? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ???????? 19? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????.??????????? ??????????, ?????????? ???????
?????????
?????? ????? ??????.
????????
,
?????????
??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????????.????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????, ??????, ??????, ???????, ?????????, ????????, ???? ??? ?????.????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????.???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????.?? ????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????.
?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????.
??? ??????? - ????????????
[
??????
]
??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????.??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ???? ????????????? ???????? ???????.????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????.??? ???????? ????? ??, ????, ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????.
???????
,
????????
,
??????????
???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????/?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????.???? ?????
??????
, ????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????.????? ??? ??????/
??
, ?????????? ??????, ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????.
?????????????????
?????
????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????????/????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????.
?????
?????
?????
????
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? (?????? ????? ???? ??????) ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????.????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? 1% ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ????????
????
,
????????
,
?????
????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????.????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????. ????????
???
, ?????.
???????
(???? ?????, ??????) ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????,10% ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????????. ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? (IC Engine) ????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????.????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????.
???????????
??????
???
, ????????? ?????????
?????????
???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????.????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????/???? ???????? ????
?????????? 450°C???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????.? ????? ?????? ??????????? / ???????????? (Pyrolysis) ??????.? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????.??????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????. ????????????????????? ??????????? / ???????????? ????????
?????????
,
??????? ??????????
,
??????
, ?????, ??????? ???????? ????????.? ????????? ?????????/???????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????/????????? ????????.
[2]
??? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????.???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????.???? ? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????.
?????????????? ??????????
[
??????
]
???????????? /???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ?????????????? ???????, ?????????, ???????? ??????????????,
?????????
,
??????
?????? ?????? ????????? ???????.
????????
??????? ??????????????????? ?????????/
???????
??????? ???????. ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????.???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? 3-5% ???? ???????.
?????????????? ????????? ????????
[
??????
]
??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????.1.???, 4.?????? ?????????? 3.?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????, 4.???? ??????????
??? ?????????? ??? ???? 10 ????? 70 % ???? ??????.??? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????.???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????.?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? (8-9%) ?? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ???????, ??????????, ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? 40% ???? ???????.?????? ????? ??????/???? ????? ?????? ?????,
?????
, ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? 10-12% ???? ???????.????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? 30% ???? ??????.????????? ?????? 10-15%?? ???????.??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????, ????/??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????.??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.
????? ????/?????? ????????? ????
[
??????
]
??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ?????????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? 85-99% ???????.??? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????.??????? 1-15% ????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????
????????
,
????????
,
??????????
,
????????
, ???????? ??????. ????? ???????,
???????
,
?????
???? ???????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ?.5% ???? ???????? ??????. ?????? ? ??? ????????? (??????, ??,
?????
, ???????? ?????, ?????) ????? ????10% ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????.????? ??? ??????/???? 16-18% ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????.
?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????? (Volatile Matter Content)
[
??????
]
400-500°C ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????.?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????.????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????, (??????80%????) ??????????? ????? ??????.??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????.
?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????.??? ?????????? ?????????.????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? 70-75% ???? ??????.?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????
????????? ???? ??? ????
[
??????
]
???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????.??????????? ??? ????????????? ????.???????, ?????????
??????????
?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????,
??????? ?????????
, ???? ????????. ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
- C+O→CO
- CO+O→CO
2
- C+2 O→CO
2
- 2H+O→H
2
O
?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? 1°C ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? 1°C ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????.????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????????.??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????????? 1°C ???????? ??????? ??????? 4.1855 (4.2) ???? ??????.??? ?????????? ???? ??????????? 1°C??????? ??????? 4.2 ???? ???? ??????.
[3]
???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????/???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????/????????????.??? ????? ??????????/???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? GCV ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? (?????? ????????? ?????) ??????.
??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????
[
??????
]
??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ???????.??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????????.?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????.???? ?????? ??????.???? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????.????? ?????? ??????? (????? ????????? ??????) ??????.???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? GCV ????? ??????????? ?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? NCV ???? ???? ????????? ?????? (???? ????????? ?????) ??????.???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? GCV ?? ???? (??? ????) ??????? ????????????.
- ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????.
- GCV= (338 X C%)+ 1422(%H-%O/8)+22 X %S
- NCV= GCV-24.44(9x %H+ %M)
- ??????? ?????? GCV =(338XC%)+1422(%H-%O/8)+22X%S
?????
C=???????
H=?????????
O=????????
S=??????
M=??? (?????????)
??????????? ????????? ???????
[
??????
]
???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??/????????????. ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????????.?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? 4.18 ???? ???? ??????.???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????????. ???????? ????????? ???????? MJ/kg ?? ????????????. ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????????.
?????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????
[4]
| ?????????
|
??? ?????? ?????
|
???????
|
?????????
|
????????
|
?????????
|
??????
|
????????? ????? MJ/Kg
|
| 1
|
?? ????
|
48.15
|
5.87
|
44.75
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
19.72
|
| 2
|
??????? ??????????
|
l50.22
|
5.70
|
43.37
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
20.49
|
| 3
|
??? ?????
|
49.70
|
5.40
|
39.30
|
0.20
|
0.10
|
19.42
|
| 4
|
????????? ???
|
50.40
|
39.30
|
0.20
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
20.05
|
| 5
|
??????? ??? ?????
|
50.6
|
4 6.18
|
43.00
|
0.06
|
0.02
|
20.37
|
| 6
|
???? ??????
|
46.90
|
5.08
|
40.17
|
0.54
|
0.03
|
18.61
|
| 7
|
?????????????????
|
46.04
|
5.82
|
44.75
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
18.64
|
| 8
|
????? ??????????
|
39.47
|
5.07
|
38.09
|
1.25
|
0.02
|
15.83
|
| 9
|
??????/????? ??????
|
44.80
|
5.35
|
39.55
|
0.38
|
0.01
|
17.33
|
| 10
|
??
|
38.92
|
5.10
|
37.89
|
2.17
|
0.12
|
15.67
|
| 11
|
????? ???????? ???
|
48.13
|
5.86
|
40.35
|
0.65
|
0.16
|
19.97
|
| 12
|
????? ??????
|
47.13
|
5.86
|
40.35
|
0.65
|
0.16
|
19.97
|
| 13
|
?????????? ????
|
46.58
|
5.87
|
45.46
|
0.47
|
0.01
|
18.77
|
| 14
|
??????? ?????????
|
45.72
|
5.96
|
43.41
|
|
|
19.20
|
| 15
|
?????? ????? ?????
|
44.25
|
5.64
|
42.80
|
|
|
17.60
|
| 16
|
?????????????? ??????
|
47.40
|
5.80
|
41.30
|
1.40
|
0.05
|
18.23
|
| 17
|
????? ?????
|
45.50
|
5.10
|
34.10
|
1.80
|
|
17.00
|
| 18
|
????????
|
35.97
|
5.28
|
43.08
|
0.17
|
|
14.522
|
| 19
|
?????? ???????
|
44.23
|
6.61
|
46.25
|
0.51
|
|
18.35
|
| 20
|
??????? ????
|
50.29
|
5.05
|
39.63
|
0.45
|
0.16
|
20.05
|
| 21
|
????? ?????? ??????
|
48.12
|
6.55
|
35.93
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
20.60
|
| 22
|
??????? ?????? ????? ??????
|
49..37
|
6.40
|
42.01
|
2.02
|
|
18.50
|
| 23
|
????? ???? ??????
|
42.66
|
6.05
|
49.50
|
0.18
|
0.00
|
17.48
|
| 24
|
??????? ????? ?????? (750°0 C)
|
88.95
|
0.76
|
6.04
|
1.38
|
0.00
|
31.12
|
| 25
|
?????????
|
45.53
|
5.46
|
|
0.45
|
|
20.41
|
- ???????? ??????:
- 1 K.calorie=4.18Kilo joule or
- 4.18 Kilo joule= 1 K.calorie
- 1MJ=1000KJ=238 K.cal