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[ Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup ( help )
Republique de Djibouti
????????? ??? ??????
Flag of జిబౌటి జిబౌటి యొక్క Coat of arms
??????
"Unite, Egalite, Paix"    ( en:translation )
"Unity, Equality, Peace"
?????????

జిబౌటి యొక్క స్థానం
?????? ????? ??????
???????
??? ????? ???? 		Djibouti
11°36′N 43°10′E  /  11.600°N 43.167°E  / 11.600; 43.167
?????? ????? ?????? , French [1]
????????? ?????? ???????? ????? Afar , Somali
?????????? ?????????
????????? Semi-presidential republic
 -  President Ismail Omar Guelleh
 -  Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita
Independence from France  
 -  Date June 27 1977  
 -  ?????  ( % ) 0.09 (20 km² / 7.7  sq mi )
?????
 -  July 2007 ????? 496,374 [1]  ( 160th )
 -  2000 ?? ??? 460,700 
??????  ( PPP ) 2007 ?????
 -  ?????? $1.740 billion [2]  
 -  ????? $2,273 [2]  
?????? (nominal) 2007 ?????
 -  ?????? $850 million [2]  
 -  ????? $1,110 [2]  
??.?? (????.??.?)  (2007) 0.516 ( medium ) ( 149th )
??????? Franc ( DJF )
??????? EAT ( UTC +3)
 -  ????? (DST) not observed ( UTC +3)
????????? ?????? ???? .dj
??????? ???? +253

?????? (?????? : Djibouti ) ( ??????  : ?????? ?????? ), ???????? ????, ?????? ???????? . ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????. ?????? ??????????????? ????????? , ??????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? , ???????????????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???????????????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? 23,200 ?.??.?? (8,958 ?.??). [3]

?????? ???????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????????????? ????.

?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ????????? ??? (??????? ??????????) ????????????? ?????, ????? ???????????? ???????? ????. 19 ? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, [4] [5] [6] ???? ???????? " ???? ???? " (?????? ??????? ?????) ?? ???????????????. [7] ?????? 1967 ?? " ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? " ?? ???? ???????????. ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????. ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????. 1977 ?????????? 20 ? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????. [8] [9] 1990 ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. 2000 ?? ?????? ??????, ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. [3]

?????? ?? ????-???? ????. ??? ??????? 9,42,333 ????. ?????? ??????, ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? 94% ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? [3] ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ????. ?????? (??? ????), ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????. ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. [3]

?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????. ???? ???????, ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ??? ?? ????????????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??????????? ??????????? ???????, ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????. " ??????????? ?????-??????????? ??????? " ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????. [3]

?????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

Geometric design pottery found in Asa Koma .

?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????. ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????????-???????? ?????? ???? ?????, [10] ????? ????? ("???? ????????") ????? ? ????????? ???????. [11] ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????. [12]

???????? ??????????? ???? ??, ???????

??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? 2 ? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????. ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ??'???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????????? ???? ???????. [13] ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 35,000 ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????. [14] ??????, ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????, ???????? ???????. [15] ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????, ???? ????????? ???????????. [16] ???????????, ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ???????????, ??????????? ????????, ?????? ???????. ? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????-?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????. ?????? ?????? T- ?????? ???????? ???????????????. [17]

????? [ ?????? ]

Queen Ati, wife of King Perahu of Punt , as depicted on Pharaoh Hatshepsut 's temple at Deir el-Bahri .

????? ???????? , ????????? , ?????? , ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? (???? "???? ????????" ???? "?????? ????") ??? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????.??. 25 ? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????. [18] 5 ? ????????? ???? ?????, 18 ? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????. [19] ???? ???-???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ?????????. [20]

????? ?????????? (1285?1415) [ ?????? ]

The Ifat Sultanate 's realm in the 14th century.

1000 ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????, ? ??????????? ??????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????. [21] ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????. 1285 ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ??? ?????? ???????????? ????. [22] [23] ????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ???? ??????? (???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???). 1285 ?? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????. ? ????? ??????? ???? ????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????????. 1332 ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????.

???? ?????????? (1415?1577) [ ?????? ]

The Sultan of Adal (right) and his troops battling King Yagbea-Sion and his men.

??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????-?????? ??????? ???-????????? 7 ? ??????????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????????. [24] 9 ? ??????? ???? ???-?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????. [25] ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????????. [25] [26] ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? 9 ? ???? 10 ? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????????. ?.??. ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????????. ? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????. [26] ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????, ????????, ?????????, ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????.

??????? ??????? (1577?1867) [ ?????? ]

The Ottoman Eyalet in 1566.

??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???????????. ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????. [27] 1884 ??????? 14 ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ' ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????????. ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????.

??????? ??????????? (1894?1977) [ ?????? ]

French Somaliland in 1922.

1862 ????? 1894 ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ?????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? 1883 - 1887 ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. [4] [6] [5] 1894 ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????????. ??? 1896 ????? 1967 ???? ??????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? " ("??????, ?????? ??????? ??????") ?? ?????????. [28]

??????? ???????? 1960 ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????. ? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????. [29] ???????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. [30] ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????. [29]

?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????

?????? ?????? ?????????????? 1967 ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????. [6] ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????. [31] ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? " ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? (??????? ???????????) " ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? " ?? ????????. [32]

?????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

1977 ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ????????. 98.8% ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????????. [33] [34] 1958 ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? (1977-1999)??????????????. [29]

????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (??????? ???????? ???????), ???? ????, ???????????????? ??????. 1986 ?? " ?????? " ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? " ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????.

1990 ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? " ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? (????? ??), ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? " ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. ? ?????? 2000 ?? ??????-?????????? ????????? ?????????. [3]

???????? [ ?????? ]

Satellite images of Djibouti during the day (left) and night (right)

?????? ??????????? ??????, ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????-???-???????? ????. ??? 10 ° - 13 ° ????? ????????, 41 ° - 44 ° ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????. [35]

???? ?????????? 403 ?????????? (250 ??????) ????? ????. ??????????? ???????, ????????, ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ?????? 23,200 ????? ???? ?????? ???????? (9,000 sq mi) ????. ???? ?????????? 528 ??.?? (328 ??????), ????????? , 342 ??.?? (213 ??) ??????????? 61 ??.?? (38 ??) ?????????? ????????????. ?????? 125 ??.?? (78 ??) ???????. [3] ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????. [36]

???????? ??????? ????? ???????? 1,000 ?????? (3,300 ???????) ??????? ???????. [37] ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? 2,028 ?????? (6,654 ???????) ??????? ????. [37] ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ???? ???????? ??????????????? 1,700 ?????? (520 ???????) ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

??????? ?????????: ??????? ???? ??????, ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????; ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????; ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????; ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????.

???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ???????. ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. [38]

???????? [ ?????? ]

Djibouti map of Koppen climate classification .
    Semi-arid climate
    Arid climate

?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????. ???????? ?????? ??????????? 32 ????? 41 ° ??????????? (90 ????? 106 °?????? ????) ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? 28 ????? 34 ° ??????????? (82 ????? 93 ° ?????? ????) ???? ???????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? 15 ????? 30 ° ??????????? (59 ????? 86 ° ?????? ????) ???? ??????. [39]


?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? 41 ° ??????????? (106 ° ?????? ????)???????.41 °C (106 °F)? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. [39] ? ????????? ??? ?????????????? 40%, ??????????? 80% ???? ????????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????.

?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????, ?????, ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 5 ??????? (131 ????) ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? 8 ????? 11 ???????? (200 ????? 300 ????) ???? ???????. ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 2020 ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? 100% ???????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????. [40]

Average daily temperatures for the ten cities in Djibouti
Location July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
?????? ???? 41/31 107/88 28/21 83/70
??? ??????? 37/25 99/77 24/14 75/58
???????? 41/31 107/88 29/22 84/72
?????? 38/26 101/80 29/19 84/66
????? 41/30 105/87 28/22 84/72
????? 37/26 99/79 24/14 76/58
????? 34/23 94/73 23/13 74/56
???? ???? 38/27 101/81 26/16 79/61
??? ????? 38/26 100/79 26/16 79/61
????????? 31/19 88/67 22/10 71/51

?????????? [ ?????? ]

The Djibouti francolin , a critically endangered species living only in Djibouti.

???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? 1% ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ???????????. [41] ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?????????????????????? ????.

?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????

???? ????? ??????, ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ???? ????? 1,500 ??????? (4,921 ???????) ? ????????? ???? ??????, 1,783 ?? (5,850 ?) ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? 3.5 ????? ????? ??? ?????? (37,673,686 ?.) ?????????????? ????? ????. 20 ??????? (66 ??????) ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? (?? ?????) ?????? ????????????? ????. ????? ?????????? ????????, ???????????? ?????????? (?? ?????????? ????). ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? 60% ??????????, ????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 820 ?? ???? ????? ???????, 493 ?????? ??????????, 455 ????? ?????, 40 ???? ?????????, 3 ????? ????????, 360 ????? ???????, 66 ????? ????????? ???????. [41] ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????. [42] ??????????? ??????????? ????, ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. 1970 ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ?????, ????? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ?????????, ???????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ???????. [43] [44] ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

Djibouti GDP by sector

?????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? (???? ?????? ????? ?????????) ??????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????. 2013 ?? ??.??.??. (???????? ????? ????????) $ 2.505 ????????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ?????????? 5%. ????? ????? ?????? $ 2,874 ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ??.??.???? ???????? 79.7%, ??????? 17.3%, ???????? 3% ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????. [3]

2013 ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????. ???????? ????????????? 70% ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????, ????? ????????? ????????????. [3] 2012 ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. [45] ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????. [3] ?? $ 396 ?????????? ??????????, ????? ???????? 1.5 ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????. [45]

" 2011 ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? " ?? ?????? ????????? 177 ? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????. [46] ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????, ????????????? ????????????????, ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????? ???? ?????, ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????. [45]

?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????

??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? 60% ????????????? ?????????? ???????. ???????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????, ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????????. ??.??.??.?? ?????? 15% ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????, ???????? ??????? 2008 ????? ????????? ????????????. [45]

??????????? ???? ??????????????? 2018 ?????? 56 ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?.??.?.??. ?????? ???????, ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????. ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????. ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????, ??????-?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????, ??????? ????????????. [45]

?????? " ?????? ????????????? " (???.?.???.) ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ????-?????? ????????? ??????????????. 4 ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????. [3] [45] 2012 ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. $ 64 ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? 5,000 ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. [47]

?????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? 6 % ???? ?????. 1985 ?? $ 341 ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? 2015 ?? 1.5 ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????????

?????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? 6 ???? ???? ?????. 1985 ?? $ 341 ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? 2015 ?? 1.5 ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? " ?????? ???????? ??????? " ???? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????. [45] [48] [49]

2010 ?????? 10 ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? , ??.??,??,??, ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????????. ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????????: ????-?????? ???????, ????????? ???? ???????????? ???????. [48] ????????????? ?? ????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? 30% ??????? ??????????????? ????? ????. ?????????? ?????????? ????? 300 ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????. ??? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????. [45]


???? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????????? (28.5 ?????????? ?????? (17.7 ??????)??????) ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? [50] ?????? ???? " ???????? ??? ?? ?????? " ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????. ??????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? 2010 ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????. [51]

????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

Main Terminal at Djibouti?Ambouli International Airport .

???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? " ??????-?????? ?????????? ??????????? " ??????????, ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ??????? " ????????? ????? ?????? " ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????.

????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????-?????? ?????? 2018 ??????? ???????????? ??????????????. ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????????.

?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? " ???????? ????? " ???? ???????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? " ??????? ????????? " ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????-?????? ?????? ??????????? ????. ?????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? (2018)?? ??????? ????????? (??????), ?????????? ?????? (?????? ??????) ), ?????? ??? ?????? (?????) ????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. ????????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????? 95% ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????.

?????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????????.

??????, ?????????? [ ?????? ]

The Djibouti Telecom headquarters in Djibouti City .

???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????????. [52]

?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????????. ????????? ?? ?????-??????? ?????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????, ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. 2015 ?????? 23,000 ???????? ?????? ????????, 312,000 ?????? / ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??-??-?? 3 ??????????? ?????? ??????, ?????, ??????, ??????????, ??????, ??????????? ?????? ????????????. ?????????? " 1 ????????? (????? ??????????), 1 ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????. [3]

???????? ???????? ????? ????????????? " ?????? ?????? ????????? " ??? ???? ??.??. ????????? ????? ?.??. 1, ???.??. 2, ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ????????? ???????????????. [3] ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????. [53]


2012 ?????? 215 ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????. 2015 ?? 99,000 ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????." ??.?? " ????????? ????? ?????-?????? ???????? ??? ?????????. [3]

??????????? [ ?????? ]

Arta Plage on the Gulf of Tadjoura .

???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? 80,000 ?? ?????????. ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ???????. [54] ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????????????.


????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. 2018 ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? [55] ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????. ? ????? ????????? [56] ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????????????.

?????????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ????? ?????? ????????? 126 ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. [57] 2002 ?? ?????????? ??????? 232 ??????????? ????????? ?????? 216 ?????????? ???????? ?????????. 2015 ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? 330 ?????????? ???????. 45% ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????. [57] ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? 65% ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????. [57] ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? (??? ??????) ???????? 50 ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????.

???????? [ ?????? ]

???????? 9,42,333 ???? ?????? ???????????????. [58] ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????. 20 ? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. 1960 ?????? ??????? 83,000 ????? 2016 ?????? 8,46,000 ?? ????????????. ??????? ?????? (60%), ????? (35%) ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????. ??????? 5% ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ????????????, ??????????? (???????,??????????) ??????. ??????? ?????? 76% ????? ?????????? ???????????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????. [3] ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ?????????? ???????????????. ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? "???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????" ??? ??????????. [59]

????? [ ?????? ]

Historical Population
???????? ????? ±% p.a.
1950 62,001 ?    
1955 69,589 +2.34%
1960 83,636 +3.75%
1965 1,14,963 +6.57%
1970 1,59,659 +6.79%
1977 2,77,750 +8.23%
1980 3,58,960 +8.93%
1985 4,25,613 +3.47%
1990 5,90,398 +6.76%
1995 6,30,388 +1.32%
2000 7,17,584 +2.62%
2005 7,84,256 +1.79%
2010 8,51,146 +1.65%
2015 9,27,414 +1.73%
2016 9,42,333 +1.61%
Source: World Bank [60]

?????? ?? ??????? ????. [3] ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? (5,24,000) ?????????????, ????? (3,06,000)????????????? ???????. ? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????????????? (????????) ??????????? ????????. ???????? ????????, ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. [61]


?????? ?????

   ?????? (60%)
   ????? (35%)
   ?????? (3%)
   Other (2%)

?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????. ?????? 59,000 ??????? ?????????? " ??- ?????- ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????. ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????. [61]

??? [ ?????? ]

???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ???? ??????? 94% ???? (2012 ?????? ?????? 7,40,000 ???? ??????????) ?????????? ???????. ????? ????? 6% ??????????? ???????. [3]

Religion in Djibouti [3]
religion percent
Islam
  
94%
Christianity
  
6%

?????????????? ????? ????????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????. 1900 ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????. ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 100-300 ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (????? ????????), ?? ?????? ??????? (????? ????????) ????????. [62] [63] ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????. [64] ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? (2008) ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????. ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????, ????, ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. [65]

?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????. 2006 ?? 7,000 ???? ??????????? ???????. [66]

??????? [ ?????? ]

Entrance to the ISSS Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City.

?????? ????? ??????????? 63.2 ???????????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????????????? 2.35 ????. [3] ???????? 1,00,000 ?????? 18 ???? ???????? ???????. [67]

2010 ?????? ???????? 1,00,000 ??????????? 300 ??????? ??????????????. ??? 2008 ?? 461.6, 1990 ?? 606.5 ?? ??????. 5 ????????? ???? ????????? 1000 ?????? 95 ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? 37 ???????. ???????? 1,000 ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? 6. 93 ?? ??????? ????????? 1 ???? ????????????. [68]

?????? ????? ???????? 93.1% ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. [69] ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????? ????. [70] [71] 1994 ?? ??????????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????. [72] ??????? ??????? ??????????????, ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????????????. [72] [73]

?????? ?? ??????? 94% ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????. [74]

????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. 2009 ?????? 20.5% ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????. [75]

????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? (2010) ?? ???????????????

????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????. [75]

1990 ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ?????????, ???????????, ?????????????, ????? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. 2000-2010 ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. 2000 ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????-??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????????????. ??????? ????? ?????????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. [75]

??????????? ????????? ?????, ??????-????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????. [75] ????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. 2004 ????? 2005 ????? 2007-08 ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? 18.6% ?????????; ??????? 8.0% ?????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? 72.4% ???????????. ??????? 52.2% ????????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? 49.8%, ??????? 56.1% ????????????. [76]

????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????, ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ??????????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. [75] 2012 ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? 70% ???????? ????? ?????????. [77]

?????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? " ?????? ?????????????? " ??????????????.

???????? [ ?????? ]

Traditional wood-carved jar from Oue'a in the Tadjourah region.

????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ??????, ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? (????? ????) ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????????.

???????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?? ??????, ?????????, ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????-?????, ???-??????, ?????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? (???????? ????????????), ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????????. [78]

?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????. ?????????, ????????, ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????????, ?????? ????????????? ???, ???????? ????????, ???????????? ???????.

?????? [ ?????? ]

The oud is a common instrument in traditional Djibouti music.

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? (??? ??????)??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? (???? ??????)?? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????? ????? ???? ??????? (?????????), ??????? (?????? "??????") ???? ????? ???????? ???????????????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? " ?????? " ???????? ???????? ????????. [79]

????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? (?????????) ????? ?????????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?????????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ???????? , ???? ?????????????, ??????????????? ???????? ????????. ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??????, ??????, ????????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????????. [80]

???????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????. ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ????????, ????????, ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? (?????? ?????) ???? ?????????? ?????? 100 ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????. ??? ????? ????????? ????????????????. ????????? ???????, ???????? ??????? (?????????) ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? (?????? ??????), ????? (????????), ?????? (???????), ??????? (????), ???????? (?????????), ???????? (??????????????) ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???, ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????. [81] ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????. ???? ???????, ???????, ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. [82]

??????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????. 16 ? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???-???? ??????? ?????? ???-????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????. [83] ?????????? ???????? ?????????????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????. 1994 ?? ?????? " ???.?.???.?. " ???????? ??????????? 2000 ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? 2007 ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? 2010 ???.?.???.?. ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? 1-0 ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???-??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????. ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????. ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????.

???? ???????? [ ?????? ]

A plate of sambusas a popular traditional snack.

????????? ??????? ??????, ?????, ??????, ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? (???????? ??????) ???????? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????. ???????? ???????? ???-???? ???? "???? ??????????" (?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????) ?????, ????????? ???? (?????? ?????? ??????? ?????)???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ("???" ??? ????????????) ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????. ????? ??????, ?????????? ?????, ?????? ????, ??????? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ????????.? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????. [84] ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????.

?????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Djibouti" . World Factbook . en:Central Intelligence Agency . 2007-09-06. Archived from the original (HTML) on 2014-07-02 . Retrieved 2007-09-18 .
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Djibouti" . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2008-10-09 .
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 ??????? ????: ??????? <ref> ??????; CIA ??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Raph Uwechue, Africa year book and who's who , (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p.209.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Somaliland: History of French Somaliland"  . ???????????????? ?????????? (in ????????). Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 383.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 A Political Chronology of Africa , (Taylor & Francis), p.132.
  7. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Zaila"  . ???????????????? ?????????? (in ????????). Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 950.
  8. ↑ "Today in Djibouti History" . Historyorb.com. Archived from the original on 16 ?? 2011 . Retrieved 27 ??????? 2011 .
  9. ↑ "United Nations member states" . United Nations. Archived from the original on 30 ???????? 2013 . Retrieved 27 ??????? 2011 .
  10. ↑ Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)
  11. ↑ Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300, doi : 10.1126/science.1078208
  12. ↑ Blench, R. (2006). Archaeology, Language, and the African Past . Rowman Altamira. pp. 143?144. ISBN   978-0759104662 . Archived from the original on 14 ?????????? 2014 . Retrieved 8 ?????????? 2014 .
  13. ↑ Walter Raunig, Steffen Wenig (2005). Afrikas Horn . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 439. ISBN   978-3447051750 . Archived from the original on 14 ?????????? 2014 . Retrieved 7 ?????????? 2014 .
  14. ↑ Connah, Graham (2004). Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology . Routledge. p. 46. ISBN   978-1134403035 . Archived from the original on 14 ?????????? 2014 . Retrieved 7 ?????????? 2014 .
  15. ↑ Universitat Frankfurt am Main (2003). Journal of African Archaeology, Volumes 1?2 . Africa Manga Verlag. p. 230. ISBN   9783937248004 . Archived from the original on 14 ?????????? 2014 . Retrieved 7 ?????????? 2014 .
  16. ↑ Finneran, Niall (2013). The Archaeology of Ethiopia . 1136755527: Routledge. p. 86. ISBN   978-1136755521 . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location ( link )
  17. ↑ Fattovich, Rodolfo (1987). "Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae" . Annales d'Ethiopie . 14 (14): 43?69.
  18. ↑ Simson Najovits (2004) Egypt, Trunk of the Tree, Volume 2 . Algora Publishing. p. 258. ISBN   978-0875862569
  19. ↑ Joyce Tyldesley (1996) Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh . Penguin Books. p. 147. ISBN   9780141929347
  20. ↑ Breasted, John Henry (1906?1907), Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, collected, edited, and translated, with Commentary , vol. 1, University of Chicago Press, pp. 246?295
  21. ↑ "A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress" . Lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 9 ????? 2009 . Retrieved 27 ??????? 2011 .
  22. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon and Baumann, Martin (2010) Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. p. 2663. ISBN   1598842048 .
  23. ↑ Jalata, Asafa (2004) State Crises, Globalisation, And National Movements in North-east Africa . Routledge. pp. 3?4. ISBN   0415348102 .
  24. ↑ Briggs, Phillip (2012). Somaliland . Bradt Travel Guides. p. 7. ISBN   978-1841623719 . Archived from the original on 12 ???????? 2014 . Retrieved 21 ???????? 2016 .
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25 . Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255. Archived from the original on 10 ???? 2014 . Retrieved 21 ???????? 2016 .
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  63. ↑ ??????? ????: ??????? <ref> ??????; constitution ??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
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