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"??? ???????, ??? ????"
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జాంబియా యొక్క స్థానం
??????? ????? ??????
??????? ?????
15°25′S 28°17′E  /  15.417°S 28.283°E  / -15.417; 28.283
??? ????? ???? ??????
?????? ????? ???????
????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? , ???? , ???? , ???? , ???? , ?????, ?????? .
?????????? ????????
????????? ?????????
 -  ?????????? ????????
 -  ???????????? ?????? ????
?????????? ??????? ????? ????? 
 -  ???? 24 ????????1964 
 -  ?????  ( % ) 1
?????
 -  2009 ????? 12,935,000 [1]  ( 71st )
 -  2000 ?? ??? 9,885,591 [2]  
??????  ( PPP ) 2009 ?????
 -  ?????? $18.454 billion [3]  
 -  ????? $1,541 [3]  
?????? (nominal) 2009 ?????
 -  ?????? $13.000 billion [3]  
 -  ????? $1,086 [3]  
???? ?  (2002?03) 42.1 ( medium ) 
??.?? (????.??.?)  (2007) Increase 0.434 ( low ) ( 165th )
??????? ???????? ?????? ( ZMK )
??????? CAT ( UTC +2)
 -  ????? (DST) not observed  ( UTC +2)
????????? ?????? ???? .zm
??????? ???? +260

??????? ??????????? " ??????? ????????? ". ??? ??????-???? ????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????. [4] (?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? [5] ) ?? ?????? ????? ??????????????). ??? ??????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? , ???????????????? ????????? , ???????????????? ????? , ???????????????? ????????? , ???????????????? ????????? , ?????????? , ???????????????? ??????? , ???????????????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????-?????? ????????? ????. ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????. ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????.

? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ? ??????? 13 ? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. 19 ? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? 19 ? ??????? ?????? ?????????????-??????- ????????? ????????, ??????-?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????. 1911 ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????.

1964 ???????? 24 ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????????. ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? 1964 ????? 1991 ???? ??????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????. ???????? (?????????), ??????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????. [6] 1972 ????? 1991 ???? ??????? "??? ???????, ??? ?????" ??? ???????? " ??.???.?.??. ?????? " ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????-?????? ????. 1991 ?? ????-?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????-???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???????-?????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? 2002 ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????. 2008 ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????????, ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ?????? 2008 ?? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????. 3 ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? " ???????????? ?????? ?????? " ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????. 2014 ???????? 28 ? ??? ?????????. ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????. [7] Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015, [8] 2015 ????? 20 ? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? 6 ? ???????????? ????????????.

2010 ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????????. [9] ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????. ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????.

???? ????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

? ?????? 1911 ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????????. ??? 1964 ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????????. ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? (??????? ???? "??????? ?????" ??? ?????). [10]

??????

[ ?????? ]
Skull of Broken Hill Man discovered in present-day Kabwe .

???????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

????.?? 300 ? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????????. ? ?????????? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????. [11] ? ??????? ???- ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????, ?????????? ???????????.

??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ???????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? 36,000 ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????.

???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????.??. 3,00,000 - 125,000 ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????. ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ????????????.

???? ?????????

[ ?????? ]

?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. [12]

12 ? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????-?????????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? (??-????? ??? ???? ??????????, "??-" ???? "????????") ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????. ?????? "????? ???????" ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???????????? ????-????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????. ?????? 12 ? - 13 ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????. [13]

?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????.

18 ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????, ?????????????, ??????? ??? ???????. [14] [15] ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????.

19 ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????????????. 19 ? ????????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????. 19 ? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.

?????

[ ?????? ]
An 1864 portrait of Scottish explorer and missionary David Livingstone .

18 ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? (????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????), [16] ? ????????? ?????????? 1798 ?? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. [17] ?????????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????.

19 ? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????. ???????? ???, ????????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????. 1855 ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????????. ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????: "???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????."

?????????? ? ?????? "????-?-?????" ???? "????? ??????" ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????. 1873 ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????, ????????, ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????. [18] [ ???????? ????? ]

???????? ?????? ??????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

1888 ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? " ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? " (??.???.?. ??????), ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????. ?????? ??-???????? ? ??????? ?????????????-??????- ?????? ???????? ??????. [19]

?????? ??????

1897 ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? (??????) ????? ( ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????) ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????????. [20] ???????? " ?????? ?????????? "?? ????????????. ?????? ????????????? ?????-?????? ???????? ??? ???????????. 1895 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????. ? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????????. [21]

?????-?????? ????????, ???????????????-??????-????????? ?????????? 1911 ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. 1923 ?? ??.???.?. ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????.

???????? ???????

[ ?????? ]

??.???.?. ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? (???????? ?????????), ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. 1924 ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????.

????????, ??????????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

1953 ?? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????, ?????? ????????, ????????? (??????? ??????) ??????? ???? ???????-???????? ????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? 1960-61?? ???????? ????????????. [22] ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? " ???????? ?????? ????????? (?.???.??) ? ??????????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ????? " ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? (??.???.?.??.) " ?????? ???????? ??????????.

?????????

[ ?????? ]
???????? ???? first Republican president, on a state visit to Romania in 1986.

1962 ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????-??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????. ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????.

1963 ???????? 31 ? ? ?????? ????? ?????????. 1964 ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? " ???? ?????????? " ????????. ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????????.

1964 ???????? 24 ? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????, ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????. ???? ??????? ??.??.??. ?????????. [23] 1964 ?? ????????? 70,000 ???????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????. [24]

?????? ??????? ?????????

[ ?????? ]

???????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????? (???????) ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? 1973 ?? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. [25] ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????.

1978 ?????????? 3 ? ??????-?????????? " ???? ??????? " ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? " ????? ???????? ?????? 825 " ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????. ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? 18 ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? (???????) ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? (???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???) ???? ???????. ? ???? " ?????? ????? ???? " ??? ????????. ??? ?????, ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ???????????, ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????. [26]

1975 ?? ????????????? " ???? ??? ?????? " ????????????? ??????????? ?????? (???? - ????????? ??????? ????????) ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????, ??????????????? ????????????? ????? " ?????????? ?????? " ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (??? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????) ??? ??????????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? " ????? ????? ???????? " ???? ???????????.

1970 ? ??????????? ????????? , ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ????????? 1965 ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????. 1979 ?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????????. [27]

?????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? [28] ????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? 1970 ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? (?.???.??.) ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. [29]

?????? ???????

[ ?????? ]

1970 ?? ???????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????. 1990 ? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????.

????? ?????????

[ ?????? ]

1990 ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. 1990 ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????. 1990 ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????????????. 1991 ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????. 1972 ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????????.

2000 ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. 2006-2007?? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????????? ??????, ????????????? ????????? ????????. ????????? ????????????????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ???? ???????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????????.

????????

[ ?????? ]
Zambia map of Koppen climate classification.

??????? ?? ??????? ????. ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????????????. 7,52,614 ?.??.?? (290,586 ?.??) ?????????? ????????? 39 ? ???????? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? 8 ??????? ????? 18 ° ?????? ????????, 22 ° ????? 34 ° ?????? ????????? ???????.

????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????????: ????????, ??????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? (????? ?????) ?????????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????????.

??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????: ????????, ????????????, ??????, ????????, ???????? ???? ????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????, ??????????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? (???? ?????? ????? ????) ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????. [30]

??????? ???????? ?????, ????????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????. ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????.

??????? ??? ????????? 1.6 ??.?? (0.99 ??) ???????, 100 ?????? (328 ???????) ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? (???? ?????? ?????? ????) ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????????? ????? ?????????, ??????-???????, ??????-??-??????, ???????? ????? ?????????.

??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????????. ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? (????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????) ???????. ? ??? ??? ?????????, ????????, ?????, ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ????????? ???????.

?????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? 900 ?? (2,953 ???????) ????? 1,200 ?? (3,937 ???????) ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? 1,800 ?? (5,906 ???????) ??????? ????????????. ?????? " ?????? ???? ???? " ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? " ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? "?? ??????????????.

?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????. ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? (2,200 ??. ???? 7,218 ???????) ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (2,339 ??. ???? 7,674 ???????). [31]

?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? 1,700 ?? (5,577 ???????) ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? 1,892 ?? (6,207 ???????) ??????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ????.

????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ????? (?????? ????? ?????) ?????? ???? ????? ?????????????.

??????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????. ? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????.

????????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????. ??? ?????? ????????? 1000-1600 ?????? ??????? ???????. 1200 ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. ??????? ???????? ??????. ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???, ?????? ????????????????. ???????? ???????? ????? ????- ????? ???????? ???????? ???????.

????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ????????? (?????? ????? ??????? ????) ????? ???? ???? ???????? (?? / ???? ????? ???????? / ?????? ????), ?????????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? (?? / ???? ????? ?????? ????), ???? ???? ???? (?????????? ????? ???????? / ?????? ????) ??????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????. [32] ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? 20 ° ??? (68 ° ??) ???? ???????? ???????.

???????????

[ ?????? ]
రోడేసియన్ జిరాఫీ
?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????
ఆఫ్రికన్ చేప డేగ
???????? ??? ???, ??????? ????? ?????
జాంబియాన్ బార్బెటు
??????? ????????, ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????

????????? 14 ???????? ????????? ???????. ????????, ??????????. ??????????, ????????????? ?????????? ??????????.

??????? ???????? 12,505 ??????? (63%) ???? ??????, 33% ????? ??????, 4% ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????.

?????? ????????? ?????? 3,543 ?????? ???????. ?????? ????????, ???????????, ??? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ??????? 53% ???????. [ ??????? ?????? ] ??? ???? ????? ???????????.

?????? ?????? ?????? 242 ??????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. ????????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????.

757 ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ?????? 600 ??????? ??????, ????????????? ?????????. 470 ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????. 100 ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????.

?????? 490 ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. 24 ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????.

???????

[ ?????? ]

????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? 7.5 - 8 ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [33] ?????? 60.5% ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????????????. [34] ??????? ??????? ???? 77.9%, [35] ??? ??????? ??????? ???? 27.5% ????. [36] ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????. ???:Recent Annual Budget Expenditure in Zambia

2007 ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? 128 ??????? 117 ? ???????? ????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????. [37] ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? 40.9 ??????????, ??????? ?????? 1,00,000 ???????? 830. [38] ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????.

1970 ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? (1965 ????? 1979 ????) ??? ?????????? (????????? ????????? ??? ??????????) - ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???? ?????? 1991 ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. 1990 ? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????. 2007 ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. 2000 ?? 30% ????? ???????????? 8.9% ?????????????. [39]

??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (2014)

??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????????. [39] ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ?????????? ????. ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????????. [40] ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? $ 6 ?????????? ????????????. 2000 ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? (????.?.??.??.) ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????. ??????? ????.?.??.??.?? ?????????? 2003 ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????.

?????? ??????? (?????? ???? = 100) ???????? ????? ??.??.?? (????????)

2003 ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????????? ????????????. ? ??????? ????????? ???????????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????.?.??.?? ?? ??????? ???? 2003 ????? 2005 ???????? ???? ??????????????. 2004 ?? HIPC ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? 2004 ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????????. ??? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????, ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? 2004 ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????????????. [41]

???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ????????, ??????? ????, ????? ??????????, ??-??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? " ???? ???????? ???? " ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????. 2018 ?????? ????? ?????????? " ?????? ????? ????????? " ??????? ?????????? " ??????? ???????? " ???????? 12 ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ???????, ?????????? ????? ???????, ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [42] [43]

?????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????. ????????? ????????, ???? ???? ??????, ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? 30 ????????? ?????? ?????? 1998 ?? ???? ???????? 2,28,000 ???????? ???????? ????????. 2002 ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? 3,37,000 ???????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ??????

2003 ?? ?????? ???????? 25% ???????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? 38% (????? 35%?? ?????????). ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ????, ????, ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. [44] ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????. 2009 ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. [45]

????????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????? 2004 ?????? ?????? 150 ????? 300 ?????? ?????????. [46] [47] ???? ??????, ?????, ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 150 ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????. 2004 ?? 26 ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. [48]

????????

[ ?????? ]
Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa-Tunya Falls) a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Kuomboka ceremony of the Lozi people

????????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????.

73 ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????.

??????????

[ ?????? ]

2009 ?? ????????? 10.3 TWh ?????????? ????????????. ??? ?????, ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. 2015 ?????? ??????? 2014,2015 ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????. [49]

????????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? 1,30,92,666. ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? 73 ?????? ???????. 1911 - 1963 ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? , ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ???????. ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????.

????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????

1911 ?? 7 ? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? 1,497 ???? ???????????, 39 ???? ???????????, 8,20,000 ?????????? ???????? ?????. 1911, 1921, 1931, 1946, 1951, 1956 ??? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. 1956 ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? 65,277 ???????????, 5,450 ????????, 5,450 ????????, 2,100,000 ???? ?????????? ????? ??????.

2010 ????? ??????? ??????? 98.2% ???? ???? ??????????, ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? 1.8% ???????.

??-????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? 44% ????? ???????????? ???????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. 2007 ?????? ???? ????????????? ???? 6.2 (1996 ?? 6.1, 2001 ?? 5.9). [50]

????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

1920 ? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????. ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????. [51] ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????. ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. 1970 ? ????? 1990 ? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????, ????, ????????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????.

???????? ???????

[ ?????? ]

????????? ?????? 73 ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????-?????????????? ???????. ?????? 90% ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ???????? (????????-????, ?????, ?????, ??????, ?????, ??????, ?????, ?????, ????) ?????????? ???????. ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????. ??????, ?????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????. [52] ? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????. [53]

??????? ??????, ???? ???

????????? ???????? ????????, ?????????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ????????, ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????. ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????????????. 1964 ?? ????????? 70,000 ?????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????????. [24]

??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ???????? ???????. ????????? 13,000 ???? ????????? ???????. ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ????????? ?????? 80,000 ???? ???????? ???????????????. [54] ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. [48] [55]

????????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??????? ??????, ????????, ??????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????,, ????????????, ????????????? ??????????????. ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????????.

" ??.???. ????? ??? ???????? & ?????????????? " ??????????? 2009 ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 88,900 ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? (2007 ?? ????????? ???????????? 47,000 ???? ??????????), ?????? (27,100; ????????? ???????????), ????????? (5,400) ??????? (4,900) ???????. [56]

2008 ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????, ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????. [57] ?????? 60,000 ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ????? 50,000 ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????. ??? ???????????? $ 500 ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. [56]

???

[ ?????? ]

1996 ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????, [58] ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???????. ??????????? ??????? ??????? " ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????????? ???????. 20% ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ???????????, ??????????????, ???? ??????????? ?????, ????????, ??????????????, ???????-?? ???????????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????-?? ?????????, ??????????????, ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

?????????? ??????? ????????? (??????????, ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????), ??????? ????? ??????????? (???????? ?????????) ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? (???????? ????????), ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ????? (???????????? ???????????) 1991 ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????. [59] ??????????? ????????-?? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ????. 18 ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????. [60] ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? 11,000 ???? ??????? ???????. [61]

????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????????? 2018 ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? 9,30,000 ???? ??????????. ? ??????? 2,04,000 ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????????? ? ??? 1911 ????? ??????????????. [62] [63]

???? ??????????? ??????? 11,200 ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????. [ ????? ?????? ] ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? 1,200,000 ???? ??????? ???????. ? ????? ?????????? (????? ?????, ?????? ??????? (??????) ???? ???????? ??????? ????. [ ????? ?????? ]

??????? ????? ????? 1,60,000 ???????. [64] (??????? 1.5% ????) ????. ????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ?????? 1% ???? ????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????. [65] ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 500 ???? ?????? ???????. [66] ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????.

?????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????????. ?????????? ???? ????????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? (???????????? ????????) ?????? (????), ?????? ?????. ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ????. ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????, ?????, ?????, ?????, ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? " ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? (ZNBC)" ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? 73.

????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????. ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? '?????' ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????.

????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????, ???????? ???????????. ??????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????. ??????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? - ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????. [67] ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????????????.

?????

[ ?????? ]
Pupils at the St Monicas Girls Secondary School in Chipata , Eastern Province

??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????, ???? ????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????. [68] 2011 ?? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????. [69] ?????? ???????????? ??????, ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????.

??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????, ????, ???????, ????????????, ?????, ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????: ??????? ????? ?????, ???????? ????? (??????? 1 - 7), ??????? ????? (??????? 8 - 12), ????? ?????. ???????, ????-??????????, ??????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????.

????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? 16.1% (2006) ????? 20.2%?? (2015) ?????????.

???????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ??????????? 12.40% ??????? ???????? ???????. [70] 2007 ?? 1,00,000 ?????? 591 ?????????? ?????????, 2014 ?? ???????? ???? ????? 1,00,000 ?? 398 ?? ????. ??? ?????? 5 ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? 1000 ?????? 75 ?? ?????????????. 2001- 02 ?? 16% ????? 2013-2014?? 15-49 ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? 13% ????????.

????????

[ ?????? ]
Nshima (top right corner) with three types of relish .

?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ????? ????????, ?????? ???? ????????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? "???????? ????????" ??? ????????????.

? ?????? ??????, 19 ? ???????

????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ????????????. ???????, ?????? (?????? ??????????), ????????, ??????? (?????? ??????????), ????? ???????? (?????? ?????????), ??????? ???????? (?????? ?????????), ??????? ????????? (?????? ????????? ??????????), ???????? ?????? (???????? ??????????), ??????????? (??????? ??????????), ??????? ?? ??????? (????? ??????????).

??????? ???????? ????? ??????, ????? (????? ??????????), ??????, ??????, ?????, ????? ???????, ??? ????????, ???? ????????, ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (??? ??????????? ????) ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ????, ????????-???????? ????????, ?????? ????. ????, ????-?-?????, ?????? ???????, ??????, ?? ????, ?????? ????? ?????, ??????????, 1970 ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????-???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????????????.

???????

[ ?????? ]

" ??????????, ??????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? " ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????; ????????? ?????????, ??????????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ??????????.

???????

[ ?????? ]

1964 ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????. ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????. 2016 ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? 13 ? ???? ?????????. ????? ?????? ????????. ???????????, ??????????? ?????? ????????????. 1984 ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????????. 1996 ?? ???????? ???????? 400 ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????.

????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????. ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. 1988 ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? 4-0 ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? 1993 ??????? 28 ? ???????????? (???????) ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? 1996 ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? 15 ? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. 2012 ?? ??????? (????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????) ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? " ?? ????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 8-7?? ????????. 19 ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ? ??????? ????????????????. [71]

????? ???????, ?????????, ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????. ???????? 2000 ? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????????, ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? (????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????) ????? ????? ???????? ????????????????. [ ????? ?????? ]

????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????. ???? ????????? ?.???.??. ?????????? 73 ? ???????? ???????. ?????? 3,650 ???????????? ????? ??????????. ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???????. [72] ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????. 2008 ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? / ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????. [73]

2011 ?? ??????? " 10 ? ??? ??????? " ??????? ?????????? ??????, ??????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????. [74] ?????? ???????? 70,000 ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ????? ??????????? 50,000 ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? 2011 ???-??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.

????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? " ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? " ?? (4 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????) ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. [75]

1989 ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?.?.??.?. ??????? ???????????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? 10 ?????? ?????? ?????????. [76]

2017 ?? ??????? ????-??????? ???????? ??????????, ??-20 ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? (20 ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????) ????? ???? ??????????. [77]

?????? , ??????

[ ?????? ]

??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ??????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????????? ?????????????, ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????. [78]

1970 ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ???????????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ????????, ???? ???????, ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????. [79] [80] ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ????? ??????-?-?????, ????, ?????? "???" ?????, ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????. [81] [82]

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