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Flag of జమైకా జమైకా యొక్క చిహ్నం
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"Out of many, one people"
?????????

???????
" God Save the Queen "
జమైకా యొక్క స్థానం
????? ????? ??????
???????
??? ????? ???? 		Kingston
17°59′N 76°48′W  /  17.983°N 76.800°W  / 17.983; -76.800
?????? ????? ?????? ??????
????????? ?????? ???????? ????? Jamaican Patois
??????   91.2% African , 6.2% Multiracial , 2.6% Other or Unknown [1]
?????????? Jamaican
????????? Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy
 -  Monarch Elizabeth II
 -  Governor-General Patrick Allen
 -  Prime Minister Bruce Golding
????????????
 -  from the United Kingdom 6 ?????? 1962 
 -  ?????  ( % ) 1.5
?????
 -  ???? 2008 ????? 2,804,332 ( 133??? )
??????  ( PPP ) 2007 ?????
 -  ?????? $20.650 ????????? [2]  ( 113st )
 -  ????? $7,688 [2]  ( 85??? )
?????? (nominal) 2007 ?????
 -  ?????? $11.266 ????????? [2]  
 -  ????? $4,194 [2]  
???? ?  (2000) 37.9 ( medium ) 
??.?? (????.??.?)  (2006) Increase 0.771 ( medium ) ( 87??? )
??????? Jamaican dollar ( JMD )
??????? ( UTC -5)
????????? ?????? ???? .jm
??????? ???? +1 876

????? (?????? : Jamaica ), ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? . ??? ???????? ????????? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ??????? , ????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????.????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????.????????????? 10,990 ?.??.??.??? ???????? 145??.?? ?????? ?????????, ?????????????? (??????? ???? , ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????)191??.??. ????????? ????.???????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? 4? ???????? ????. [3] 1494?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????????.?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????.???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ????? ??????? ?????????.????? 1655 ???? " ????????? " ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????.??????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.1838?? ???????????? ????????????????????. ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? 1840?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? , ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. 1962 ?????? 6? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????. [4]

??????? ????????? ????????? (????? ??????? ?????? ???????)??????? 2.9 ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????.????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????,????? ?????? ???????.????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? 4? ???????? ????.??????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ???????? 9,37,700. [5] [6] ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???????????, ????????, ????????, ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. 1960 ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????. ???????? ??????? ????? , ???????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????????. [7] ????? ?????????? ????????? ????. ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????????, ???????????????? ????.??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? 2009 ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????????,????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????. [8] [9] [10] [11]

????????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

??????????? ??????,?????? ????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????. [12] ????? ???? ?????????, ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????. [13] ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????????. ??????, ?????? ?? ? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????????. [14]

?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ????.??. 4000-????.??. 1000 ?????????? ????? ??????????. [15] 1494?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 200 ???? ??????? ????????? " ?????????? " (??????????????)?????????.????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????. [15] 1655?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????. [15] ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????. [16]

???????? ???? (1509?1655) [ ?????? ]

1494?? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ????????? (???????? ???????? ??) ????????????? ??????????????. [17] . ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ????????? 1.5 ??.?? ?????? ????.???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????.1509?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????.??? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? 1524?? ???????????????. [18] ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 1534?? ???????? " ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? " (???????? ??????? ???????) ??? ???????????. [19]

???????? ???? (1655?1962) [ ?????? ]

???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????. [19] 1655?? ???????? ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????. [20] ??????? ??, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? " ??????? ????? " (?? ??? ??????) ????? ??????????????. ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. [21]

Henry Morgan was a famous Caribbean pirate and privateer; he had first come to the West Indies as an indentured servant, like most of the early English colonists. [22]

????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????.1660?? ??????? 4,500 ?????????????, 1,500 ???????????? ???????. [23] 1670 ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????. [24] ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. 17? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????.1655?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?????????? ?????????????.?????????? " ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? " ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????. [25] 18? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????. [26]

?????? [ ?????? ]

1492?? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????.???????? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? , ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. 1660 ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????. ????????, ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????????????.??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? 1510?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????????.???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????.?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????.??? ????????? ???????? ???????. [27] 1655?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. [20] ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????. [28]

??????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????, ??????????????? ????????????????. 18? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????. 1738-1739 ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????, ???????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. [28] ?????? ??????????? ???????????????. ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????.

200 ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????. 1820-1824?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? 77,000 ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????. 1807?? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? [29] ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????? 1845 ?? ???????? ?????, 1854 ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. [30] ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????????, ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????. [31] [32]

Montpelier Plantation, the property of C. R. Ellis, Esq. M.P., c. 1820

19? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????. ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? (????????????, ???????????? ????????? 20:1) ???????????. ??.??.?????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ????????????.???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????.???? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????????. ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????????, ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????, ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????. [ ????? ?????? ]

????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????.?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????.???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? 1833 ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????.1834?? ?????? ????? ??????? 3,71,070 ????? ?????? 15,000 ?????????????, 5,000 ???? ????????????, 40,000 ???? ??????????? 3,11,070 ??????? ???????. [23]

19?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????????. 1862?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? (1779) ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? 1868?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????, 1874?? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????????. 1872?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????.

1945?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????. 1945-1951 ???? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????.

????????? (1962) [ ?????? ]

Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall during a visit to Jamaica in 2008

??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????. 1958?? ????? " ???????? ??? ??????????? "?? ?? ????????? ??????. 1962?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????.

???????????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? 6% ??????????????? ??????????. ???????????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????, ??? ????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????.

????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????- ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????. [ ????? ?????? ] 1970?? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. 1972?? ????????? ?????, ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. 1980 ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? 1972 ???? 25% ???? ??????. ??????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ????????, ????? ?????????? ???????????? " ??????????? ??????? ???? " ????? ???????. ?????????????? 1980 ???? ???? ???? ??????????.??????? ?????, ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ????? ????? ????????, ?????? ??????????? ????????.???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????.

????? ????????????? ???????????????? 21? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????????. 2011?? ??????????? ????? 60% ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ???? ????????????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????. [33] [34]

???????? [ ?????? ]

Doctor's Cave Beach Club is a popular destination in Montego Bay .
The picturesque Dunn's River Falls in Ocho Rios .

???????????? ????? ???????? ????????? 3? ???????? ????. [35] ??? 17 ????? 19 ??????? ????? ??????????, 76 ????? 79 ??????? ?????? ????????? ????.?????????? ??????????? (???? ????????) ??????? ?????????. ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [36] ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? (??????? ????) ?????? ???????????????? ????. ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????.?????? ?????? ????, ???????? ????, ??????????,, ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ???????. [37] ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? 7? ???????? ????. [38] 1872 ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ???? ??.???. ????????,??????????????? ???? ???? ?????? (??????? ???? ???????????) ????????? ???????. ?????? ????? 1692?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????. [39] [40] [41] [42]

???????? [ ?????? ]

????, ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. [43] ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????. [44] ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????. [45]

??????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ?????? (1951), ????????? ?????? (1988)?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. 2000?? ????? ?????? 2007?? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????.????? ??????, ????????? ?????????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????, ?????, ?????, ???????? ?????, ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????.????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????????.?????????????????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. 1992?? 15?.??.??. ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????. 1999 ?? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. [46] ?????? ???????? 300?.?? ?????????? " ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? " ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????, ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????.

????????? , ???????? [ ?????? ]

Jamaican boa
Jamaican hutia

???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ???????.?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????. 1494?? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ??? ????????, ????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ????????, ????????, ????????????? ?????????? ???????. ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????. ?????,????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????????. ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????, ?????, ?????, ???????, ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????.??????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????????????.??????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????.?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????.???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? (????) ???????????. ??????? ????????????? ??????????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????????.??????? 50 ????? ????????? ???????. [47] ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????, ???????, ?????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ???? (????????? ???????? ????) ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????? ??????? 8 ???? ?????? ????????????. [48] ????? ??????? ????????? " ?????? ??????? " ????? ???????? ?????? ????. ??? ???????, ???? ??????, ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????.?????? ???? ?????????? (??????????? ???? ????????) ????????? ?????? ??????????????.??????????? ?????????? ??????.??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????.?????? ????, ??????? ????? (????? ?????)?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????, ???????? ????? ??????????????. [49] ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ????, ????????, ???????, ??????, ?????? ???????????.???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ????????, ????????? ???????, ???????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ??????????, ??????????, ???????? ??????, ?? ??????? ????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ??????????????.

?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????, ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

A beach in Negril with a hotel and restaurant
James Bond Beach in Oracabessa

????? ????????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ????. ????? ???????????? ????????, ?????, ?????????, ????????, ??????????,????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????. ????????, ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ????, ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? 1.3 ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????. [50]

?????????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? 1980 ????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????. ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ??????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????????? ????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????.??????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????????.???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. 1991?? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????.1991?? 80.2% ???? ???????????? 1998 ?????? 7.9%???? ?????????. 1997-1998?? 7.2% ???? ???????????? 1998-1999 ?????? 6.2% ???? ?????????.????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????.

??.??.?? [ ?????? ]

??????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? 1985 ????? 1995 ???? ????? ??.??.??. 1.8% ????????????. 1996 ????? 1997 ???? ??.??.??. 2.4% ????????????. 1996 ????? 1997 ???? ??.??.??. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????. 1997 ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? (70 ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????)?????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????. 1997?? ??????? ??.??.?? ?????? 6,198.9 ???????? ?????????? ???????.

Fishing boats and bauxite cargo ship s share the waterways near Alligator Pond , Jamaica

????????? [ ?????? ]

1997 ?? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? 15.1% ??????????? ??????????? ?????????. ????????, ??????????? ???????? 5.5% ????????? ????????. [51]

???????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????.????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? , ???? , ???????? , ????? ???????.????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????. 1997 ???? 1998 ?????? ??????????? 8.5% ????????? ????????. ????? ??????????? ????? ?????, ????, ????, ??, ??? ?????? ???????????.

????????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ????? ????. ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? (????????? ????????? ?????) ??????????????.??????? ???????????? ??????????, ???? ?????, ????? ???????????, ????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????. ?????, ???????? ?????, ??????????? ?????, ???? ???????????, ??????????, ??????????, ???? ???????, ??????, ???????????, ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????????. [52] 2006?? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????. 2006 ???????????? 6%, ?????????? 8.9% ???? ???????. ??????? ??.??.?? 2.9% ????????? ????????. [53] ?????? ??????????????, ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ???????????, ???????? ??????????? (3%) ??????????? ?????????????.

?????????????? [ ?????? ]

2007 ????? 2009 ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????. 2010 ????? 14? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? " ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? " ??????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. [54] 2014 ?????????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. [55] ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????. [56]

???????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

Jamaica's population, 1961?2003.
The streets of Montego Bay, Jamaica

2011?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????. [57]

Ethnic Group %
????? - ???????? [1] 92.1%
?????????????? [1] 6.1%
?????? [1] 0.8%
?????? [1] 0.4%
???????? ?????? ???? [1] 0.7%

?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????) ???????. [58] ????? ??????????? ???????, [59] ????? [60] ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????. [ ????? ?????? ] ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????. ?????? ????- ??????, ?????? ???????? ???????. [57] ???? 1838?? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????????.

?????????? ????? ????? ???????. ????????? ???? , ???? , ?????? , ???????? , ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? 20,000 ?????? ?????????? ???????????????. [ ????? ?????? ] 7,000 ?????????? ???????????????. [ ????? ?????? ] ????? ????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????. [61] ?????? 78.3% ???- ????? ??????????, 16% ????????? ???????? (???????????), 5.7% ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????. [62]

????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. [63] ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ???????? ???????????????????, ???????????????, ???????, ????????????? ??????? ????. [64] ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? (?????? ??????? ??? ??????) ??????? ????. 2007 ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? 17.1% ??.???.?. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, 36.5% ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, 46.4% ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????????.??????? ????? 90% ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????. [65] ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????????. [66] ???? ???? ???????? " ?????? ???? ??????????? ", ???????? ???? ??????????? " ??? ?????????? " ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? "??????? ??????????? " ????? ???????????????. [ ????? ?????? ] ??.???.???, ?.???.???. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. [ ????? ?????? ]

????????? ????? [ ?????? ]

??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ????????, ??????? ????? ??????????????.?????? ??????????? ?????????? 20,000 ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????????. [67] ????????? ???????????? ???????? " ?????? ????????? " ??????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????. [68] ?????? ????????? ???????? ????, ????? , ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????.2004 ?????? ??????? 2.5 ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????????. [69] ???????? ????????? 8,00,000 ???????? ???????????????? ?????. ???????? ??????? 1950-1960 ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????.?????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????. [70] ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? , ??????? , ????? , ???????? , ?????? , ????????, ???????? , ????, ???????? , ??????????, ??.??. , ??????????? , ?????????? , ??????????? , ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ???????? , ?????????? , ?????????? , ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????????.

???? [ ?????? ]

????? 1962?? ????????? ?????? 1,00,000 ??????? 3.9 ?????? ???????. ??? ????????? ??? ??????. 2009 ?????? 1,00,000 ???? ??????? 62 ?????? ???????. ?????????? ??? ????????. [71] ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????. [72] [73] ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????, ??????????????? ??????? ????????????????. [74] [75] [76] [77] ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????. 2009?? ?????? 1,682 ?????? ??????????. 2010?? 1,428 ?????? ??????????. 2011 ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. [78] 2012?? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? 30 ?????? ?????????? ????????????. [79]

???????? [ ?????? ]

Marcus Garvey , father of the Back to Africa Movement and Jamaica's first National Hero.
Bob Marley , the most famous reggae artist from Jamaica.

?????? [ ?????? ]

??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????.???????????? ????, ????, ?????, ??????????, ???, ?????????? ???????, ?????? ???????????.??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? " ?????? ??????????? ????????? " ????? ????????????????. ??????, ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????.?????? ????????? ???????? ???? - ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.??????????? " ?? ????????? ??.?.??. , ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????.

???????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????, ?? "????????" ??????, ???????? ???????, ???? ?????, ????????, ????? ????, ????? ?????, ???? ????, ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????, ????????? ???????, ?????? ???????, ???? ??????, ??????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ????? ??????, ???? ?????, ???? ????, ? ????, ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????.????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??????? (???? ???????), ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? (???????), ???? ????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????????. ?????????? ?????? ????????????? " ????- ???? " ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????.

???????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? " ????? ????????? " ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????????????.??? ??????? " ???? ???? ???? ?? ", ??????? ??, ??? ????? ? ????? (????? ??), ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???, ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????????.??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????.

??????????, ????? ????.??. ?? ??????? (1878-1944) ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????.????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? " ????? ????? " ???????????? ?????????. 1920?? ??????? " ?????????? ???? " ?????????????.??? ??????? ??? " ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? " ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ??? " ?????? ?????? ?????????? " ???????????????? ??????????????????. ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? (1970) ??????? ???? ????'?? ?????? (2005), ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? (2009), ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? (2014) ?? ????????????????. ??? 2015?? " ???? ????? ?????? " ????????????.

???????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ????? " ??????? ?????? " ?? ???? ????? " ???????? ?????? "?? 1950?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????. [80] ????? ???????? ????????? 1960 ?? ????? ??????.1970?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? (1988) ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????????.???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? 1993 ?????? ?????? ?????? " ???? ?????????? " ????.??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????.

????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ???????? " ?????? ?????? ?????? " ?????????? ???????? ????? ????.???? ???????? ????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????????.

????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

( From the Jamaica Information Service ) [81]

  • ????? ?????: ???? - ???????? ???????????????? (??????? ?????)
  • ????? ?????? : ????? ????.
  • ????? ?????? : ???? ?????.
  • ????? ???? : ???.
  • ????? ??????: " ??? ??? ????, ??? ??????
Jamaica motto on a building at Papine High School in Kingston, Jamaica.

??????? [ ?????? ]

Usain Bolt at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin

????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. [82] ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ?????????? ???????????? " ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? " ????? ?????? ????????????. [82] [83]

???????? [ ?????? ]

????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????? , ?????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????. [84] ????? 2007 ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????. ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. " ??????????? ???????? ??????? " ?? ???????????? ???????? ???? 10 ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????. [85] " ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? " ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. [86] [87] ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? " ?????? ???? " ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????. [82] ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????. ???? ??.??.??.???. ??????, ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????????????.??????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????. ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

???????????? [ ?????? ]

?? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? 100?? ??????? ??????, 200?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????.??? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? (????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????), ???????? ????????, ??????? ???????? (100??, 200?? ???????? ????????, 200?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????), ???? ?????? ???????? (??????????? ???????? ????? ???????), ????????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? - ?????, ?????? - ????? ??????? (???????? ????????????, 100 ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????)???????. ???????? ??????????, ????? ??????, ??????? ???????? (???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ??????????- ??????, ?????? ????????, ?????????? ???????- ???????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? (???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????)?????? ??????????? (?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????)???? ?????? (100?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????, 100?? ???????? ?????????, 2008?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????.

????????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???????? ????????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????.???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ????????????? ????? 10????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????????, ????? ??????, ?????? ??, ???????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ???????.

??? ??????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ?????????, ?????? - ??????? (?????? ??????) ??????? ????????????? ???????. " ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? " 1998 ???.?.???.?. ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????????." ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? " ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????. ????, ????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????. ????????? ????? ???? ????????, ?? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? (?? ?????? ??????) ???????? ?????? ??????? 5 ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????. [88] ?????? " ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? " ???????????? ??.??. ??????????, ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????. [89] ????? ???? ????????????????, ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. [90] [91] ??????? ????? ??????? " ??.???.???.?. ???????? ???? " ?????? ???????????. [92] ????????? " ?? ??????? ????? ??? " (?????????? ???) ??.???.?. ????? ???????? ?????????????????. 2011?? ?.???.??.???. ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? " ??????? ?????????? " ????. [93]

????? [ ?????? ]

????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????.???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ?????? " ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? " ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????. [94]

?????? ?????? ??????? ?????:-

  • ????? ?????? :- ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????????. ????? 2 ????? 5 ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????.
  • ???????? ?????? :- ????????, ???????? ??????????? ????????????????????.????? 3 ????? 12 ??????? ???????????? ??????.
  • ???????? :- ????????, ???????? ??????????? ????????????????????.????? 10 ????? 19 ??????? ???????????? ??????.??? ???, ???????? ???????????, ???, ???????? ?????? ???????????????????.
  • ????????? :- ????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? (1836), ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ??????, ????????, ???????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????? - ?????????????.
  • ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????:- ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? (???? ??????), ?? ??????????? ??? ?????????; ?????, ????????? ???????? ???????????, ??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????, ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????.

?????? ??????? ??? ?????????, ????? ????????? ???????? ???????.

??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? " ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????? - ?????? ????????? " ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. [95] ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????????. [96] ????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????????.???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????.????????? ????????????? 40%-45% ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????.

???????????????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

Halfway Tree Transport Center, Kingston, Jamaica

????? ??????????? ????????, ??????, ???????? ?????? ???????. ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????.

???????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ??????? ?????? ????? 21,000??.??.?????? 15,000 ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????. [1] 1990 ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????.???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????.??????????? ?????? 33 ??.?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????.

?????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????.?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. 272??.?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? 57??.?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????. ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????. [1] 2011 ??????? 13? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????.

?????????? [ ?????? ]

A US Airways aircraft landing at Montego Bay (2013)

??????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????????????, ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????.????????? ???????????? ?????? " ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????,?????????????? " ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? " , ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? , ??? ????? ?????? ???? " ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? " ???????.??????? , ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????(???????????), ?????? ???????? , ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ??? ??????, ????? ???????? ?????? , ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????.

???????????, ????? - ???? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? , ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? , ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????.????????? ???? ??????? , ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????. [97] ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????. ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????.

??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? (??????? ???????), ???? ??????? (??????????), ?????? ?????(??????? ????????), ?????? ?????? (???????? ??), ???????? ????? (??? ??????) , ???????????? ?????? (?????? ????????)??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????.????????????? ??????? ????? 9 ???? ??????? ????????????.

?????????? [ ?????? ]

????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????. [1] ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????. [98] ??????? ??????? ????? , ????????? ???????? , ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????????. ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????.?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? ???????, ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? , ???? ?????, ???? ??????, ??????? ???, ?????? ?????(???????) , ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????????. [99] ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????. ??? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????????. [100] ????? 1980 ????? 20??.????? ????????? ?????? " ????????-2 ??????????? ????????? " ?? ?????????? ??????????????.??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????. [101] ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? 80,000 ?????????? ??????? ??????????????. [98] ?????? ????? ????? 20% ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ???????? , ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????.30,000 ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? , ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????. [102] ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? (5% ?????? ?????????????) ??????????????. ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????????. [103]

???? ????? , ?????????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

???? ????? , ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????. ?????????? ????????? 80% ????????????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. 1990-2004 ???? ???? ????? , ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? 1% ????????? , 5% ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????.???? ????? , ?????????? ??????? ????????? " ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? " ??????????. ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????.

?????? ???? [ ?????? ]

????? ???????? " ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? " ????? ????. ???????? 95% ?????? ????? ???????. [104] ??????? ???? ????? (???, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? , ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? , ??????? ????? ??????????????. 2001?? " ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? " ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. [105] ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????. [106] ??????? ??????????? " ??????? ????????????? " ??????? " ??? ?????? " ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????????????. [107] ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????. [108] ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? 2 ???????? ????????? ???????.2010?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????. [109]

?????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 The CIA World Factbook ? Jamaica Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2015-09-16.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Jamaica" . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2008-10-09 .
  3. ↑ "Top 5 Largest Countries in the Caribbean" . Aneki.com. Archived from the original on 10 ?????????? 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 .
  4. ↑ "Independence" . Jis.gov.jm . Retrieved 14 February 2017 .
  5. ↑ "Population of Kingston, Jamaica" . Population.mongabay.com. 16 August 2010. Archived from the original on 5 ?????? 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 .
  6. ↑ "Jamaica ? Largest Cities" . GeoNames . Retrieved 11 October 2010 .
  7. ↑ "A page of Jamaican migration history ? Columns" . JamaicaObserver.com. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 ?????? 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 .
  8. ↑ "About the Office of the Prime Minister | Government of Jamaica ? Office of the Prime Minister" . Opm.gov.jm. Archived from the original on 26 ???? 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 .
  9. ↑ "Queen and Jamaica" . Royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 20 ?????????? 2012 . Retrieved 21 ???? 2017 .
  10. ↑ "JAMAICA: Constitution of 1962" . Pdba.georgetown.edu . Retrieved 6 August 2012 .
  11. ↑ "Jamaica country profile" . BBC News . 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 .
  12. ↑ As represented in Old Spanish orthography , meaning it began with a " sh " sound.
  13. ↑ "Taino Dictionary" (in Spanish). The United Confederation of Taino People. Archived from the original on 17 ???? 2008 . Retrieved 1 ?????????? 2017 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
  14. ↑ as known from the songs "Roots, Rock, Reggae" by Bob Marley ("roots" referring to Africa, while "rock" means Jamaica), "Jahman inna Jamdown" by Peter Tosh, and " Welcome to Jamrock " by Damian Marley
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "The Taino of Jamaica (Jamaica)" . Jamaicans.com. 1 April 2001. Archived from the original on 16 ??????? 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 .
  16. ↑ "Jamaican National Heritage Trust" . Web.archive.org. 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 .
  17. ↑ Pickering, Keith A. "A Christopher Columbus Timeline" . Archived from the original on 14 ???????? 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 .
  18. ↑ "History of Jamaica" . Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 26 ?????????? 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 .
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Spanish Town" . Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 25 ?????????? 2010 . Retrieved 1 ?????????? 2017 .
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Jamaica's English History" . Jamaica National Heritage Trust . Retrieved 3 March 2016 .
  21. ↑ "Montego Bay, Jamaica ? Visitors Guide" . Mobay.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 ????? 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 .
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  39. ↑ "Kingston tourist destinations" . Planet Aware . Retrieved 11 October 2010 .
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  50. ↑ Sex tourism as economic aid . Smh.com.au. 12 July 2003.
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