??? ??????????
(
???? ???
:????? ?????), 13 ? ??????? ???? ?????????
?????? ???? ????????
??????????? ???? ??????????. ? ??????????
??????
??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????????.
?????? ??????
,
?????? ??????
,
???????? ??????
,
?????????? ??????
??? ??????? ?????????.
??? ?????????? 10, 11, 12 ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????.
????? ?????? ??????
, ???? ????????
???????? ??????
?????? ??? ??????????
????? ????????
????????, ?????????, ????????????? ???? ????????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ????????
??????????
????? ??????? ??????
????? ???????
|????
???????
??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????.
?????? ???
???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????,
???????????
?????? ??????,
????????????
?? ?????????????? ????????????.
???????? ???
????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????
?????????????
?????????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????. ?????? "???? ??????????" (
???? ??????????
) ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. 12 ? ?????????
?????? ??????
, 13? ???????????
????? ??????
???? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????????.
????????
[
??????
]
??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????.
???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????. ?????? ???? ??????????, ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? (??.?. 150 CE)????? ??????? ?????????????????.
[a]
??????? ???? ?????? ??.?. 100 ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????????????? 3 ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????.
[2]
????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???, ????, ?????? ????? ??????????????. ??????????? ??? ???????: "?????? ???????? (??????, ?????????, ????? ??????) ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????". ????????? ??????? ?????? (??????), ??????? (?????), ????????? (?????????) ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????.
[3]
?????? ????? ???? ???? (????) ????? ????????. ???? ???????? ???? ????????. ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????. ? ??? ?????? ????????????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????? "???" (????) ?? ?????????????? ????. ?????????????, ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? - ?? ????? ??????, ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????. ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????????.
???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????.
[5]
??????? ?????? ???? ??.
7 ? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ?? 150 ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ???????????, ?? ????????, ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????.
[b]
" ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ", ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ???? ????????, ????????, ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????. ?????????????? 5 ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????????????? 1 ? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????????.
[7]
???? ?????? (????.??. 273-?????????) ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????. ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????.
[c]
????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????: ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????. 11 ? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????????.
[d]
?????????? ??????
[
??????
]
???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ? ???????? 1-2 ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ????????? ? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????, ???????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????.
???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????.
? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????.
[
????? ??????
]
?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????, ???????????.
?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ???????? ????.
[e]
????? (???????? ??????????????? ?? ????) ???? ??????????? ???????.
??????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????.
????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????????? 235 ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????.
[18]
???? ???? (??. 300) ????? ?????????, ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????. ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????.
6 ? ????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????.
9 ? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????.
????????, ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????. ??????????? 848-851 ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????.
???????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ???????????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ???????.
? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????.
[f]
??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????. ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????.
[g]
? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????.
[h]
???????, ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????. ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????.
7 ? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????.
? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????.
?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????.
[i]
??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? 639?640 ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? "????-?? ??????" ??????? ????????.
?????? ??????
[
??????
]
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????.
?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????. ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????.
??????????
????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????.
??? ??????
[
??????
]
??? ???????
[
??????
]
?????????? ??????????
?? ?????????? ?????? ????.
- ↑
"KING ASHOKA: His Edicts and His Times"
.
www.cs.colostate.edu
. Retrieved
2018-10-07
.
- ↑
Raju Kalidos.
History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule
. Vijay Publications, 1976. p. 43.
- ↑
Archaeological News
A. L. Frothingham, Jr.
The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts
, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. 69?125
- ↑
Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture by John Bowman p.401
- ↑
R, Narasimhacharya (1942).
History of the Kannada Language
. Asian Educational Services. p. 48.
ISBN
9788120605596
.
- Chopra, P.N; Ravindran, T.K; Subrahmanian, N (2003) [2003].
History of South India ; Ancient, Medieval and Modern
. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd.
ISBN
81-219-0153-7
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- Das, Sisir Kumar (1995) [1995].
History of Indian Literature (1911?1956) : Struggle for Freedom - Triumph and Tragedy
. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
ISBN
81-7201-798-7
.
- Gupta, A.N; Gupta, Satish.
Sarojini Naidu's Select Poems, with an Introduction, Notes, and Bibliography
. Prakash Book Depot.
- Harle, J.C (1994).
The art and architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
ISBN
0-300-06217-6
.
???? ???????
[
??????
]
??????? ????: "lower-alpha" ??? ????????
<ref>
???????? ??????? ????, ?????? ??????????
<references group="lower-alpha"/>
?????? ????????