??????-????????

?????????? ?????
( ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Republic of Guinea-Bissau

Republica da Guine-Bissau    ( Portuguese )
Flag of Guinea-Bissau
????
Emblem of Guinea-Bissau
Emblem
??????: 
"Unidade, Luta, Progresso"   (Portuguese)
"Unity, Struggle, Progress"
????: 
Esta e a Nossa Patria Bem Amada    (Portuguese)
This is Our Beloved Homeland
Location of  గినియా-బిస్సావు  (dark blue) – in Africa  (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union  (light blue)
Location of   ??????-????????    ( dark blue )

? in Africa    ( light blue & dark grey )
? in the African Union    ( light blue )

Location of Guinea-Bissau
??????? Bissau
11°52′N 15°36′W  /  11.867°N 15.600°W  / 11.867; -15.600
?????? ????? Portuguese
?????????? ????? ????? Upper Guinea Creole
??????
?????????? Bissau-Guinean [1]
????????? Unitary semi-presidential republic
Jose Mario Vaz
Aristides Gomes
??????????? National People's Assembly
Independence from Portugal
? Declared
24 September 1973
? Recognized
10 September 1974
??????????
? ??????
36,125 km 2 (13,948 sq mi) ( 134th )
? ???? (%)
22.4
?????
? 2016 estimate
1,815,698 [2] ( 148th )
? ?????????
46.9/km 2 (121.5/sq mi) ( 154th )
GDP   ( PPP ) 2018 estimate
? Total
$3.391 billion [3]
? Per capita
$1,951 [3]
GDP   (nominal) 2018 estimate
? Total
$1.480 billion [3]
? Per capita
$851 [3]
????   (2002) 35
medium
????????   (2017) Increase 0.455 [4]
low  ·  177th
??????? West African CFA franc ( XOF )
??? ?????? UTC +0 ( GMT )
??????? ????? ???? right
???? ???? +245
ISO 3166 code [[ISO 3166-2: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:ISO 3166/data/GN' not found. | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:ISO 3166/data/GN' not found. ]]
Internet TLD .gw

??????-?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????. 36,125 ????? ???????????. (3.8885 × 1011 ?.) ????? 18,15,698.

??????-?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????, ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????. ? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? 18 ? ??????? ???? (??? ????????? 16 ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????) ??????????. 19 ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? 1973 ?? ???????????? ????????? 1974 ?? ????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? (????? ??????? ??????) ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (???????????? ??????????????) ???????????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????-??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????.

??????? ????? 14% ???? ??????? ????????, ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? (44%) ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????-???????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??.?.?. ?????? ?????? ???? (2018) ??????? 40% ?????????, 22% ???????????, 15% ???????????, 18% ??????????? ??? ???????????? ???????. ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????.

??????-?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ??? ??????????????, ???????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ????? ?????, ?????????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ???????????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????. ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????.

??????

[ ?????? ]

??????-?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????. 18 ? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????. [5] ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (?????????) ??? ??????????. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

????????? ??????? ?????????? 1455 ?? ??????????, [6] 1479-1480 ?? ????????-??????? ???????? " ??????? ?? ?? ?????? " ?????????????, [7] ?????? ???? 1479-1480 ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????. 1480 ??? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???, ????????? ????????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ??? ??????-?????? ????? ???????? ?????? 4200 ???? ?????? ????. [8]

?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????

16 ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? 19 ? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. [9] ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???????? ????? ????????????? ????, ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????. [9]

1790 ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. [10] 19 ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? (?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ) ?????????? ??????????.

1956 ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? " ??????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? " ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????. [11] ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??.?.?.??.??. ? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????. ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? , ???? , ??????? ???????, ??????-??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. [12] ?????? ????????, ????????, ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. [13] ??.?.?.??.??. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????????. 1973 ?????? ??.?.?.??.??. ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????. 1973 ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????. [14]

????????? (1973)

[ ?????? ]
PAIGC forces raise the flag of Guinea-Bissau in 1974.

1973 ?????????? 23 ?? ??????-???????? ????????? ??????????????. 1974 ??????? 25 ? ???????????? ????????-????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????. [15]

????????? ???????, ??.?.?.??.??. ??-????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????-?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????. ???????????? ?????? ??.?.?.??.?? ?????? ??????, ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????????. [16] ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. 1980 ?? ??.?.?.??.??. ???????????? " ???? ???????? " (1980 ?????? 29 ? ?????) ?? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????.

1984 ???? ? ???? " ?????????? ??????? " ?????????? ????. 1994 ?? ?????????? ????-?????? ???????? ???????. 1998 ???? ?????? ?????????? ????-?????? ?????? ???? ?????? 1999 ???? ?? ???????????? ??????????????. [17] 2000 ?? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????????. [18]

2003 ???????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????. " ???????? ?????????????????? " ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. [19] ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? 2004 ???????? ???? ???????? ???????. 2004 ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????.

?????? ????

[ ?????? ]

2005 ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????. ??? ??.???.???. ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? 1999 ?? ????????????? ???? ?????????? " ???? ?????????? ?????? " ????????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????????. [20]

??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, "?????? ?????? ?????? ???????", ?????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????????? 2005 ??????? ?????? "??????????, ???????????"?? ????????????????? ????????????. [21]

???? ????????? ?????? 2008 ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??.?.?.??.??. 100 ?? 67 ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????. [22] 2008 ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????. [23]

????? ???????? ???? ?? ??, ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? 2009 ?????? 2 ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. [24] ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. [25] ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????. 2009 ???? 28 ? ????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????. [26] ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????????, ??.?.?.??.??. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????.

2012 ????? 9 ? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????. 2012 ??????? 12 ? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????. [27] ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. [28] [29]

????????

[ ?????? ]
Rare salt water Hippopotamus es in Orango Island
Caravela, Bissagos Islands
Typical scenery in Guinea-Bissau

??????-?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? , ??????, ??????? ?????? , ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????. ??? 11 ° ????? 13 ° ????? ?????????? (????? ??????? 11 ° ???????????), 13 ° ????? 17 ° ??????????????? ????.

36,125 ????? ????????? (13,948 ?.??) ???????????????? ?????? , ???????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ????? 300 ??????? (984 ???????). ??????? ???????? ????-?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????. [30] ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????. [31]

????????

[ ?????? ]

????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??????????? ????????????? ??????. ???? ??????????? 26.3 ° ??????????? (79.3 ° ?????? ????) ???????. ???????? ???? ???????? 2,024 ????????????? (79.7 ??). ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? / ???????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????????. [32]

???????

[ ?????? ]
Seat of the Central Bank of Guinea-Bissau
Petrol station in Sao Domingos

??????-?????? ????? ??.??.??. ??????????? ??? ???????? ????. ??? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????. [33] ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ?????, ???????????, ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????.

?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????, ????????????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ?????????? ??????-???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????? (233 ??????) ???? ????????. [34]

???? ?????? ?????? ????????.??.???. ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????-???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????. [35] ?????? ???????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ???????????????, ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????????, ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????. 1974 ?? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???, ?????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????????.

???? ????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ??????, 1997 ?? ??????-?????? ??.???.?. ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????. [36] 1998 - 1999 ?? ?????? ??????????? 2003 ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????. ??????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????. 2004 ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????, 2005 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????????.

2005 ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????-???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????. [37] ?? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???? "??????-??????" ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????. [38] ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????. 2012 ?????????? ?????? ?????????. [39]

??????-?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????. [40]

???????? ????????

[ ?????? ]

Severe environmental problems include deforestation ; soil erosion ; overgrazing and overfishing . [30]

????????

[ ?????? ]
Bissau-Guinean women in the capital, Bissau
(Left) Guinea-Bissau's population between 1961 and 2003. (Right) Guinea-Bissau's population pyramid , 2005. In 2010, 41.3% of Guinea-Bissau's population were aged under 15. [41]

?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? 1950 ?? 5,18,000 ????? 2018 ?? 18,15,698 ?? ????. 2010 ?? 15 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? 41.3%, 15 ????? 65 ????????? ???????? 55.4%, 65 ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 3.3% ???????. [41]

??????? ??????

[ ?????? ]
Guinea-Bissau present-day settlement pattern of the ethnic groups

??????-?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ???????, ??????? ?????????? ???????.

??????-?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????:

  • ????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????;
  • ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? ??????;
  • ?????, ?????????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????.

????????? ?????? ?????????? (?????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ????) ???? ???????? ?????????????? ???????. [42]

??????-??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ??????-???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????. [43] ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????, ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

?????? ??????

[ ?????? ]
Guinea-Bissau's second largest city, Gabu
Port of Bissau
Bridge in Sao Vicente, Cacheu

?????? - ???????? ?????? ??????: [44]

??????? ???? ???????
2015 ????? ???????
1 ?????? 492,004 ??????
2 ???? 48,670 ????
3 ????? 37,985 ?????
4 ???????? 29,468 ?????
5 ?????? 16,216 ??????
6 ???? 14,320 ????
7 ???????? 12,922 ??????
8 ?????? 11,498 ??????
9 ?????? 9,198 ?????
10 ???? 8,993 ????????

?????

[ ?????? ]
Voter education posters in the Kriol language for Guinea-Bissau legislative election, 2008 , Biombo Region

?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????-???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?????????????? ???????. ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????-?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????. ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????, ?????????? ????????, ???????? (????????)?? ??????????????. [45]

???????????? ?????? ??????-?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????, ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????. ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????. ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????. ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????. 67% ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????. ?????????? ???????????? ????? 11% ????? 15% ???? ???????. ?????????? ???????? 44% ?????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ??????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????. [45]

??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????: ???? (16%), ????? (14%), ?????? (7%), ????? (5%), ?????? (3%), ?????? (1% ), ?????? (0.7%), ?????? (0.3%), ??? (0.1%) ??????? ???????????? ???????. [45] [46] ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ???????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ????? ????????????????? ??????. ???????????? ??? ???? ???????, ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ???????, ?????, ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. [45] ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????-?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????????. ??????-?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????. [47]

???

[ ?????? ]
Religion in Guinea-Bissau, 2010 [48]
Religion Percent
Christianity
  
62%
Islam
  
38%
Men in Islamic garb, Bafata , Guinea-Bissau

2010 ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? 62% ???? ??????????????? ???????????. ????????? 38% ???????. [48] ??????-?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 2%?? ?????? ?????? ???????. [49]

???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. [30] [50] ?????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ??????????? ??????, ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????. [51]

??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? 45% ?????????, 31% ???????????, 22% ??????????? ???????. ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? (??????????? ??????????? ???? ????????).

?????

[ ?????? ]
Lusophone University, Bissau

?????? - ???????? 7 ????? 13 ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????-?????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ??? ???????? ???????: ????-??????, ????????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ???????? ?????, ????????, ??????????? ????, ????? ????? (???????????, ????-?????????????). ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????. ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????. ??? ????? ???????? (7 ????? 9 ? ?????, 10 ????? 11 ? ????? ????) ???????. ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? (2004 ?????), ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? (2011 ?????) ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. [45]

????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????. [45] ????????????????? ??? ????????????????? ?? ?????????, ???? ????????? [52]

??? ?????????? ???? ???????. [53] ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????. 1998 ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? 53.5% ????. ?????? (67.7%) ??????? (40%). [53]

????????? ?????????, ????? ??????????????? ???????. [45] 2011 ?? ??????????? ???? 55.3% (???????? 68.9%, ???????? 42.1%) ?? ????? ?????????. [54]

Conflicts

[ ?????? ]

Usually, the many different ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau coexist peacefully, but when conflicts do erupt, they tend to revolve around access to land. [55]

????????

[ ?????? ]
Hotels at Bissagos Islands
Carnival in Bissau
National singer Manecas Costa

??????

[ ?????? ]

??????-?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. [56]

??????-?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. [57] ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????. ????????? ??????-?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? ?????? ????????????, ??????????, ???????? ???????, ??????? ????????????????. [58]

????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????. ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????. [59] ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ????????????, ???????, ??? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ????????, ???????, ?????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. [60]

????????????

[ ?????? ]

?????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????. ??????, ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????????? (?????? ????????), ???????????? ?????????? (???? ????) ???? ????????????????. ??????-??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ????????????????.

?????? ?????? ????, ???????? ??????. ?????? ?????????????? ?????, ?????????, ??????, ????????, ?????, ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ????????, ????????, ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????? (?????? ???????) ??????????????????.

???????????

[ ?????? ]

?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? (??????: ?? ??????). [61] ?????? ?????? ??? (???? ????????????????) (1988) [62] ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????-???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????. (1987 ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????). 1989 ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????????????. 1992 ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????, [63] 1992 ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????. [64] ????? ???? ????????-????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????????. [65]

???????

[ ?????? ]

??????-???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????. " ??????-?????? ????? ???????? ????? " ????? ??????? ????. ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????-?????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????????, ???.?.???.?.?? ???????? ????. ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????, ???.??. ???????????, ???.??. ???????? ???? ?????????, ???.??. ??????? ???, ???.??. ?????, ???.??. ???????, ???.??. ?????? ?????????? ?????????????.

??????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau" ? Field Listing: Nationality. Archived 26 ???? 2015 at the Wayback Machine The World Factbook 2013?14. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  2. ↑ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision" . ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Guinea-Bissau" . International Monetary Fund.
  4. ↑ "2016 Human Development Report Summary" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016. pp. 21?25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 ???? 2017 . Retrieved 21 ?????? 2017 .
  5. ↑ Empire of Kaabu, West Africa Archived 30 ???? 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Access Gambia. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  6. ↑ Alvise Cadamosto Archived 18 ???????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Nndb.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  7. ↑ Eustache De La Fosse (1992). Voyage d'Eustache Delafosse sur la cote de Guinee, au Portugal et en Espagne: 1479?1481 . editions Chandeigne. ISBN   978-2-906462-03-8 .
  8. ↑ "Diogo Cao" . Archived from the original on 8 ???????? 2007 . Retrieved 10 ???????? 2019 . . win.tue.nl
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "A Brief History of Guinea-Bissau ? Part 1" Archived 5 ????? 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Africanhistory, US Department of State, at About.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  10. ↑ British Library ? Endangered Archive Programme (EAP) . Inep-bissau.org (18 March 1921). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  11. ↑ Amilcar Cabral 1966 "The Weapon of Theory" Archived 16 ???????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Address delivered to the first Tricontinental Conference of the Peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America held in Havana in January 1966. Marxists.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  12. ↑ The PAIC Programme Appendix Archived 30 ????? 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Marxists.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  13. ↑ El Tahri, Jihan (2007). Cuba! Africa! Revolution! . BBC Television. Event occurs at 50:00?60:00. Archived from the original on 10 ???????? 2016 . Retrieved 2 ?? 2007 .
  14. ↑ Brittain, Victoria (17 ????? 2011). "Africa: a continent drenched in the blood of revolutionary heroes" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 17 ????? 2017 . Retrieved 14 ???????? 2016 .
  15. ↑ Embassy of The Republic of Guinea-Bissau ? Country Profile . Diplomaticandconsular.com (12 April 2012). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  16. ↑ Guine-Bissau: Morreu Luis Cabral, primeiro presidente do pais Archived 3 ?? 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Expresso.sapo.pt (30 May 2009). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  17. ↑ Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Guinea Bissau: government, in depth, Negotiations, Veira's surrender and the end of the conflict Archived 31 ???????? 2013 at the Wayback Machine , viewed 12 July 2013,
  18. ↑ Guinea-Bissau's Kumba Yala: from crisis to crisis Archived 16 ???? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Afrol.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  19. ↑ Smith, Brian (27 September 2003) "US and UN give tacit backing to Guinea Bissau coup" Archived 27 ???????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine , Wsws.org, September 2003. Retrieved 22 June 2013
  20. ↑ GUINEA-BISSAU: Vieira officially declared president Archived 25 ?????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . irinnews.org (10 August 2005).
  21. ↑ "Army man wins G Bissau election" . London: BBC News. 28 ???? 2005. Archived from the original on 27 ???? 2006 . Retrieved 5 ????? 2010 .
  22. ↑ Guinea Bissau vote goes smooth amid hopes for stability . AFP via Google.com (16 November 2008). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  23. ↑ Balde, Assimo (24 ?????? 2008). "Coup attempt fails in Guinea-Bissau" . London: The Independent UK independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 ?? 2011 . Retrieved 28 ???? 2010 .
  24. ↑ "Soldiers kill fleeing President" . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) . news.com.au (2 March 2009).
  25. ↑ Elections, Guinea-Bissau (27 May 2009). "On the Radio Waves in Guinea-Bissau" . swisspeace. Archived from the original on 8 ???????? 2009 . Retrieved 10 ???????? 2019 .
  26. ↑ "Ja foi escolhida a data para a realizacao das eleicoes presidenciais entecipadas" . Bissaudigital.com. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 .
  27. ↑ "Tiny Guinea-Bissau becomes latest West African nation hit by coup" . Bissau. 12 ??????? 2012. Archived from the original on 13 ??????? 2012 . Retrieved 14 ??????? 2012 .
  28. ↑ Embalo, Allen Yero (14 April 2012). "Fears grow for members of toppled G.Bissau government" . Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
  29. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau opposition vows to reach deal with junta | Radio Netherlands Worldwide" . Rnw.nl. 15 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 ???????? 2014 . Retrieved 10 ???????? 2019 .
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "Guinea-Bissau" Archived 28 ???????? 2010 at the Wayback Machine , CIA the World Factbook , Cia.gov. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
  31. ↑ Nossiter, Adam (4 November 2009) "Bijagos, a Tranquil Haven in a Troubled Land" , The New York Times , 8 November 2009
  32. ↑ Guinea-Bissau Climate Archived 9 ?? 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  33. ↑ World Bank profile Archived 11 ?????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . World Bank.org (31 May 2013). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  34. ↑ The Economist. Pocket World in Figures (2008 ed.). London: Profile Books. ISBN   978-1861978448 .
  35. ↑ Guinea-Bissau and the IMF Archived 16 ???????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Imf.org (13 May 2013). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  36. ↑ CFA Franc and Guinea-Bissau Archived 26 ???????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Uemoa.int. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  37. ↑ Guinea-Bissau:A narco-state? Archived 29 ???????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Time . (29 October 2009). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  38. ↑ Sullivan, Kevin (25 ?? 2008). "Route of Evil: How a tiny West African nation became a key smuggling hub for Colombian cocaine, and the price it is paying" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 25 ?? 2017 . Retrieved 27 ?????? 2017 .
  39. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau drug trade 'rises since coup' " . London: BBC News. 31 ???? 2012. Archived from the original on 27 ???????? 2012 . Retrieved 5 ???????? 2012 .
  40. ↑ "OHADA.com ? The business law portal in Africa" . OHADA.com (in French). Paul Bayzelon. Archived from the original on 26 ?????? 2009 . Retrieved 10 ????? 2018 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision" . Esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 6 ?? 2011 . Retrieved 20 ????? 2017 .
  42. ↑ Guinea-Bissau ethnic classifications Archived 17 ???????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine , Joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  43. ↑ China-Guinea-Bissau Archived 11 ???????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . China.org.cn. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  44. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau: Regions, Cities & Urban Localities ? Population Statistics in Maps and Charts" . www.citypopulation.de . Archived from the original on 2 ???????? 2017 . Retrieved 1 ???????? 2017 .
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 "Lingua e Desenvolvimento: O caso da Guine-Bissau Jose Barbosa ? Universidade de Lisboa" (PDF) . ul.pt . Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 ?????? 2017 . Retrieved 10 ?? 2017 .
  46. ↑ Crioulo, Upper Guinea . Ethnologue.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  47. ↑ WELCOME TO THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION OF LA FRANCOPHONIE'S OFFICIAL WEBSITE Archived 1 ??????? 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Francophonie.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa" (PDF) . Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. ??????? 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 ??????? 2018 . Retrieved 25 ??????? 2018 .
  49. ↑ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF) . Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 ?????? 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 ???????? 2012 . Retrieved 2 ???? 2014 .
  50. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau" Archived 16 ??????? 2009 at the Wayback Machine , Encyclopædia Britannica
  51. ↑ Guinea-Bissau: Society & Culture Complete Report an All-Inclusive Profile Combining All of Our Society and Culture Reports (2nd ed.). Petaluma: World Trade Press. 2010. p. 7. ISBN   1607804662 .
  52. ↑ The latter is maintained by Cuba and functions in different cities.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Guinea-Bissau" . 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor . Bureau of International Labor Affairs , U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  54. ↑ "Field Listing :: Literacy" . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 24 ?????? 2016 . Retrieved 15 ???????? 2014 .
  55. ↑ "Theatre sheds light on conflicts" . D+C, development and cooperation . 23 ???? 2017. Archived from the original on 15 ?????? 2017 . Retrieved 15 ?????? 2017 . {{ cite news }} : Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= ( help )
  56. ↑ Lobeck, Katharina (21 May 2003) Manecas Costa Paraiso di Gumbe Review Archived 24 ???????? 2018 at the Wayback Machine . BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  57. ↑ The Kora . Freewebs.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  58. ↑ Radio Africa: Guinea Bissau vinyl discography Archived 25 ???????? 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Radioafrica.com.au. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  59. ↑ http://gumbe.com Archived 28 ?????????? 2018 at the Wayback Machine Gumbe
  60. ↑ Music of Guinea-Bissau Archived 5 ???? 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Ccas11bijagos.pbworks.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  61. ↑ Nha Fala/My Voice . spot.pcc.edu (2002)
  62. ↑ Mortu Nega Archived 18 ???????? 2008 at the Wayback Machine . California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  63. ↑ Udju Azul di Yonta Archived 5 ???? 2009 at the Wayback Machine . California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  64. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Udju Azul di Yonta" . Festival de Cannes . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
  65. ↑ Flora Gomes The Two Faces of War: National Liberation in Guinea-Bissau Archived 8 ???????? 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Watsoninstitute.org (25 October 2007). Retrieved 22 June 2013.


??????? ???????

[ ?????? ]
" https://te.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????-????????&oldid=3848924 " ????? ????????????