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????????,  00 Co
cobalt chips
????????
Pronunciation / ? k o? b ? l t /  ( listen ) [1]
Appearance hard lustrous gray metal
Standard atomic weight A r °(Co)
???????? in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
-
↑
Co
↓
Rh
????? ← ???????? → ??????
Group ???:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period period 4
Block   d-block
Electron configuration [ Ar ] 3d 7 4s 2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 15, 2
Physical properties
Color metallic gray
Phase at  STP solid
Melting point 1768  K ​(1495 °C, ​2723 °F)
Boiling point 3200 K ​(2927 °C, ​5301 °F)
Density (near  r.t. ) 8.90 g/cm 3
when liquid (at  m.p. ) 8.86 g/cm 3
Heat of fusion 16.06  kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 377 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 24.81 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P   (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at  T   (K) 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198
Atomic properties
Oxidation state s ?3, ?1, 0, +1, +2 , +3 , +4, +5 [4] (an  amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.88
Ionization energies
Atomic radius empirical: 125  pm
Covalent radius 126±3 (low spin), 150±7 (high spin) pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral line s of ????????
Other properties
Natural occurrence primordial
Crystal structure ​ hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for కోబాల్ట్
Speed of sound thin rod 4720 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 13.0 μm/(m?K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 100 W/(m?K)
Electrical resistivity 62.4 n Ω?m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering ferromagnetic
Young's modulus 209 GPa
Shear modulus 75 GPa
Bulk modulus 180 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.31
Mohs hardness 5.0
Vickers hardness 1043 MPa
Brinell hardness 700 MPa
CAS Number 7440-48-4
History
Discovery Georg Brandt (1732)
Isotopes of ????????
Template:infobox ???????? isotopes does not exist
  Category: ????????
| references

????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? 9 ? ???????, d ??????, 4 ? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? . [6] ???????? ??????, ?????-????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? . ???????? ?? ???????? ????? [7] . ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????

?????? [ ?????? ]

Early Chinese blue and white porcelain, manufactured circa 1335

???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ??????????,, glazes?? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? [8] . ??????????? ????? ???????? ????.??. ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????? ??????????, ????? (pompeii:??.?.79 ????? ???????????) ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? Tang ??????????/??????? (618?907 AD) ??? the Ming ??????? (1368?1644 AD) ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????. 14 ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????

??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ,, ???????? ?? ?????????????. ????????? ?????? 18 ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? (1550-1292) ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????????.????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????.

?????????? [ ?????? ]

???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? kobalt, kobold ???? ??????/ ??????? (goblin ) [6] . [8] ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????????????.???????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ????? ???? (???????? (II) ???????) ?????????.????????, ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????????/???????? ????? ?????? ???, ????? (smelting) ?????? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????.

???????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? (Georg Brandt (1694?1768), 1735 ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? [6] [8] . ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????, ???????, ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ????????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????. ???????? ????? ???? ??????, ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ?????, ????, ????? , ?????? , ????? , ?????? , ???? , ???? ,, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????.

????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

A block of electrolytically refined cobalt (99.9% purity) cut from a large plate

???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????. ???????????, ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? 27. ?????? ?????????? ????? 58.93319.????? ??????? 8.9 ????????/???.?? 3 . ???????? ?????? 1495 °C, ?????/?????? ???? ?????? 2927 °C. [9] ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? 100 W/m ?1 K ?1 [6] .???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? 62.4 nΩ/m (20°C????) .? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? (Curie temperature) 1121 °C [10] . ???????? ?? ???????? ?????.??????????? ?????32 [7]

??????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ?????? ???????,, ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????????..??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? (Co 3 O 4 ) ?????????. 900 °C ???? ???????? ?????????? (CoO) ?? ??????. ???????? ????? ?????? , ??????? , ??????? , ????????? ,, ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????. . ????????? ?????? ,, ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????.520K ???? ???????? (F2) ?? ??????? CoF 3 ????????.????? ???????? , ???????? , ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????.

?????????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? -3 ????? +4 ???? ???????????, ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? +2,, +3 .

????????,?????????? ???????? ?????????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????. ???????????? (II) ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????.??? ?????? ???? , ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? (Co (OH) 3 ) ?? ?????????. 600-700C ????????? ???? ???????? ( II, III) ??????????? (Co 3 O 4 ) ?????????. ???????????? ??????? ???? ????.?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????.

???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? (Co +2 , Co +3 ) [11]

???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????
???????? (III) ?????????? Co 2 (CO 3 ) 3 297.8931 ???????? (III) ???????? Co (NO 2 ) 3 196.9497
???????? (III) ???????? CoPO 4 153.9046 ???????? (III) ??????? Co 2 (SO 3 ) 3 358.056
???????? (II) ???????? Co 3 N 2 204.813 ???????? (III) ???????? CoBr 3 298.6452
???????? (III) ???????? Co 2 (CrO 4 ) 3 465.8475 ???????? (III) ???????? Co (BrO 3 ) 3 442.6398
???????? (III) ???????? CoN 72.9399 ???????? (II) ????????????? ???????? CoHPO 4 154.9125
???????? (II) ???????? Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 366.7423 ???????? (II) ?????????? CoCO 3 118.9421
???????? (III) ??????? Co 2 (SO 4 ) 3 406.0542 ???????? (II) ????????? ??????? Co (HSO 4 ) 2 253.0743
???????? (III) ??????? CoI 3 439.6466 ???????? (III) ???????? CoPO 3 137.9052
???????? (III) ???????????? Co 3 (PO 2 ) 2 302.7447 ???????? (III) ???????? Co (ClO 3 ) 3 309.2868
???????? (II) ??????? CoSO 3 138.9964 ???????? (III) ???????? CoCl 3 165.2922
???????? (III) ??????? Co (IO 3 ) 3 583.6412 ???????? (III) ???????? Co (NO 3 ) 3 244.9479
???????? (II) ?????????? CoCr 2 O 7 274.9212 ???????? (III) ??????? Co (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 3 236.0653
???????? (III) ??????? Co 2 O 3 165.8646 ???????? (II) ??????????? Co (MnO 4 ) 2 296.8045
???????? (III) ?????????? Co 2 (S 2 O 3 ) 3 454.251 ???????? (II) ???????? Co 3 (PO 3 ) 2 334.7435
???????? (II) ??????? Co (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 177.0212 ???????? (III) ???? ???????? CoPO 2 121.9058
???????? (III) ???????? Co (ClO 2 ) 2 193.8368

???????????? [ ?????? ]

Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate

???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????.??? ???????? (II) ???????? (CoF 2 , ?????, ???????? (II) ???????? (CoCl 2 , ????), ???????? (II) ???????? (CoBr 2 , ???????, ???????? ??????? (CoI 2 , ?? ??-?????) . ???????? ??????????? ??????, ???????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????.

????????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ????????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? 59 Co ?? ????? ??????? [6] .22 ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? 60 Co?????? ??????? ?????????????5.2714 ?????????? ???????. 57 Co ??????? ?????????? 271.8 ??????, 56 Co??????? ????????? ???? 77.27 ??????, 58 Co ?????? ??????? ??????????????? 70.86??????. [7] ????????? ???? ????? ???? 18 ?????? ????.???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????/?????????? 50u -73u ?????? ????????????.

? ????? 4 ?????? ( meta states) ?? ????? ???????. ???????, ???? ????????? ???? 15 ??????????? ???????.

????? [ ?????? ]

Cobalt ore

???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? r-process ?????????. ??????????? ??????? 0.0029% ???? ????. ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????.????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????, ???????????? ????????, ???????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? /???????, ???????, ????? ???, ????????? ????? ???????????????

????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ???????????????.

???????? [ ?????? ]

16-18 ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? (???????? ??????????, ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ???????? (smalt:??????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????) ??? ?????? , ??????? , ????????,, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????????? ?????????? (CoAsS, ????? ???????? ????????????. ???? ???? ???????? ????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????.???????? ??? ???????????, ??????? , ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????????. [12]

????????, ????????? ?????? ????,, ?????????? ???????? ??????????. [13] ???????? ????????? ??????, ????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? (CoAsS), safflorite (CoAs 2 ), glaucodot ( (Co, Fe) AsS),,skutterudite (CoAs 3 ) ???? ?????? ????????.

???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? 2005 ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? (Katanga) ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??????? 17, 000??????? [9] .

???????? [ ?????? ]

Cobalt blue glass

??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? [8] . ????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????, ???????? (II) ??????????? (CoAl2O4, ????????? ????) ?? ???? (glass), ???????, ?????? (inks), ??????, ???????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? [9] .

????????-60 ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ????????? radioactive tracer ????, ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. [14] ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? , ????? , ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????.?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????. ??????????? , ??????, ????????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? [14] .

???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ????? ??????????, ???????? ????????????.???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????????, ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????, ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????. ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ????????,, ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ??????????????????? ???????, ?????????? ??? ?????/????? ( electroplating) ?? ????????????????. [10]

??????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ "cobalt". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press . 1989.
  2. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Cobalt" . CIAAW . 2017.
  3. ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ????????). doi : 10.1515/pac-2019-0603 . ISSN   1365-3075 .
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Greenwood, Norman N. ; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann . pp. 1117?1119. ISBN   0080379419 .
  5. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition 1989.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Cobalt: the essential" . webelements.com . Retrieved 2015-04-28 .
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Periodic Table:cobalt" . chemicalelements.com . Retrieved 2015-04-28 .
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "The Element Cobalt" . education.jlab.org . Retrieved 2015-04-28 .
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Cobalt - Co" . lenntech.com . Retrieved 2015-04-28 .
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Cobalt Element Facts" . chemicool.com . Retrieved 2015-04-28 .
  11. ↑ "Common Compounds of Cobalt" . endmemo.com . Retrieved 2015-04-30 .
  12. ↑ "Cobalt Supply & Demand 2010" (PDF) . thecdi.co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-11 . Retrieved 2015-04-30 .
  13. ↑ "The worldwide availability of cobalt" . onlinelibrary.wiley.com . onlinelibrary. Archived from the original on 2015-04-29 . Retrieved 2015-04-30 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Cobalt: uses" . webelements.com . Retrieved 2015-04-30 .
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