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Blackness of space with black marked as center of donut of orange and red gases
?????? ??????? ?????????? (2019 ??????? 10) ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? 87 ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. [1] [2] [3] [4] ??? ???????? ???????????? 700 ????? ?????? ??????? [5] ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? 2.6 ?????? ???????.

????? ???? ( ?????? ???? ) ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ????? ????????????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ? ????, ??????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ???, ???? ????? ??????????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????, ?????????????? ????, ????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. [6] [7] ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???, ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????, ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ????????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????????. [8] [9] ???????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ?????????????? ???????, ? ???????????????? ? ????????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? (?????????? ???? ????? ????) ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????.

??????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????? 18 ? ????????? ???? ??????, ?????-????? ???????? ?? ??????????????. [10] ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? 1916 ?? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????. ????? ???, ?? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 1958 ?? ?????? ???????????????? ????????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. 1960 ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????. 1967 ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????.

???? ???? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ????, ??????????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? (?????????? ???? ????? ????) ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ???????. ??? ???????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????, ????? ??? ?????????? ( M ? ) ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????.

????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????????, ??? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????????. ? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????????? ??? "????????????". [11] ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ????, ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????????, ???? ?????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ? ??????, ???? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????????? A * ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? 43 ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?????????????.

2016 ???????? 11?, LIGO ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????????. [12] 2018 ???????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ???, ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ????????? 87 ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? 2017 ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????. 2019 ??????? 10 ?, ? ????? ??????, ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????. [2] [13] [14]

Schwarzschild black hole
????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????. ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????
??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????????? (2006, 2010, 2013 ???? ????? ?????????? ????, ???????, ????? ??????? ????????). [15]

??????

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????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????????. ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????????, ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ????????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????????.

????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????, ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? 1784 ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? 500 ?????? ???? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ????????????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? [Note 1] , ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ??? ???? ??, ? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????. [16] [10] ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ? ??????? ????????. [17]

????? " ???" ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????. [10] ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????, ????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???????, ??????? ????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? - ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????. [18]

?????? ????????? ?????????

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1915 ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????. ?????????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???????????????, ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????????. [19] ??????????????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????. [20] [21] ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. ????? ??? ????????????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? (??????????) ??????. ? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. 1924 ??, ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? 1933 ?? ???????? ???????? ????????. [22] ?????? ??????????? ????? 1926 ?? ????? ?????????, ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????????. ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????. ???????? "250 ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ???????, ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????, ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????. ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? (?????????? ???? ????????????) ?????????. ???????, ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ??????, ????? ??? ?????????? ??????-??????? ????? ???????????, ? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????????????. ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? (????.. ??????? ???)." [23] [24]

1931 ??, ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????, ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????-???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????. ? ??????? 1.4  M ☉ ??? ?????????? ????????. ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. [25] ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ????? ???????? ??????????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????. [26] ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????; ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? (???? ????????), ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. [27] 1939 ??, ??????? ??????????? , ?????? ????????-???????????-???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????????. ? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ????????. ? ?????????? (????? ??????) ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????. [28] ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? 0.7  M ☉ ??? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? 1.5  M ☉ - 3.0  M ☉ ?? ???????. [29] GW170817 ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????????. ???? ?????? TOV ????????? ???????? ???????, ~2.17  M ☉ ?? ????????. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]

?? ??????

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???? ?????? "?????? ??????" ??? ??????? ???????????. [35] 20 ? ??????? ??????????, ????? ?????????????? "????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????" ??? ??????? ???????????. "????? ????" ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????. ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????????. 1960 ? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????. ? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????. [Note 2] [36]

???????? "????? ????" ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? 1963 ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ???????? 1964 ????? 18 ? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? "????? ?????? ??? ??????" ??? ???? ????????? . [37]

1967 ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? "????? ????" ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????????; ? ??? ???? ??????????, ?????????? "?????? ?????" ???? ????? ? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????. [38] ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????. [39]

???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? - ??????? - ????. ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. [ ????? ?????? ] ??? ???? , ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? - ???? ??????? - ????????. [40] ? ??????? "???" ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????.

????? ????????, ????????

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?????? ????????
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????? ?????? ????? ???? 10 5 ?10 10 M Sun 0.001?400 AU
????????????-???? ????? ???? 10 3 M Sun 10 3 ???? ? R Earth
??????? ????? ???? (?????????? ???? ????? ????) 10 M Sun 30 ??.??.
??????? ????? ???? M Moon 0.1 ??.??. ????  

????????

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????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????, ????? ??????????, J ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? M ?? ??????????????? ???????

????? r s ???? ??????????????? ??????????, M Sun ???????? ?????????? .

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????? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ?? ????????. ????????, ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????????? ????, ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????. ?????????? (??????? ??) ??? ?????? ???? ?????????, ??? ???? ???????. ????? ? ???? ????????.

?????? ???????? (?????? ????????? ?????????) ?????????????, ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ? ???? ??? ????? ?????????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????. [41]

????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ???????, ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ????????. ??? ??????, ??? ???? ???????????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????. ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ????????????. ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????. [42] ????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????. ????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????; ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????????. [43]

???????, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????. ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???? ???????, ?? ????? (??????) ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????; ?????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????. [44]

???????? (??????????????) ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????. [Note 3] ???????? ???? ?????? (???????? ????) ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ??????, ??????? (???? ????? ?????? ????????) ?? ???????. [47] [48] [49]

???????????

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?????? ???????? ???????????????, ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????. ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????. ?????? (????-?????????) ????? ???? ??, ? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ???? ??, ????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ?????????????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????. [50]

??????????????? ????? ?????? (????, ????????, ?????? ??????) ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. [51] ????????????? ???????????????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????????. ????? ????????? ?????, ????????????????? ???? "?????? ???????" ??? ?? ??????????, ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? - ?????????? - ????, ??????????.

?????? ???? (???????-???????????????) ???? ?????? (????) ????? ???? ???????, ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????, ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????, ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????. [52] ???? ??????????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ????? ??? (?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????) ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ????????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????????.

?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? (??????????????) ???????? ??????????. ?????, ? ?????????? ?????????; ???? ???? ??????? ????, ???? (??????????) ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????. ? ???? ????, ???????, ????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????????, ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????. [53] [54]

?????? ????

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?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ? ????? ????????????? (??????????) ????? ???????? , ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????, ??????????????? ?????????????? 1.5 ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????. [55]

?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????, ????????? ????? ????????????????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????.., ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????. [55]

????????, ???????

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????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????, ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????????. ????, ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. [56] ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????. ?????, ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. [57] 1960 ? ???????????, ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ?????, ???????? ??????????? ???????????.

????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????

?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????????. [58] ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????, ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. [59] ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????????????, ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????. [60] [61]

????????????? ????, ???????????????

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??????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????. ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????. ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? "?????" ???????? ??? ????, ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? (??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????) ???? ??? ??????????. ? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????. ? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????. ? ????? ????????? ????????????, ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????????, ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. [62] ? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????. ????? ????????? ?????????? 5  M ☉ ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? 20  M ☉ ????? ??????

??????? ?????????? 3-4  M ☉ ( ????????-???????????-???????? ??????? [28] ) ?? ????? ????, ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ???????. ????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ???? ? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? (????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????). ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? (?????????), ????? ???? ???????????.

????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? [63]

???? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? (?????????? ???? ????? ????) ????????? ??????? ??????????????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? 10 3   M ☉ ???? ???? ????????. ? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????. [64] ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? 10 5   M ☉ ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????. [60] ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????.

????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????????????, ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????????. ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????, ???? ? ????? ? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????. ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ?????, ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. [65]

???? ????? ???????, ???? ???????

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????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? (?????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????) ??????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????. ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????. [61]

??????? ?????? ???? ??????? , ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????. [66]

??????

[ ?????? ]

????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????????. [64] ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????. [67] ????? ??????? ?????????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????. ??? ???? ???????????? ??????????????. ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????????????. [68] [69]

??????????

[ ?????? ]

1974 ??, ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????. [70] ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????????. ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????. ??????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????????. [71] ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????????, ??? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????, ??????????????, ?????? ???????????. ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? (??????? ?????????) ????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????. ??????????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????, ?????? ?????????????, ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????. ????????, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????.

1  M ☉ ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? 62 ?????????????? ???????. [72] ???, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? 2.7 ???????? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????. [73] 2.7 ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? (??????????? ??? ?????????????), ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.

????? ???? ??? ????????? ????, ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????????. ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 10 ?24 ??. ???????. ??? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????. ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? 200 ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????; ????????, 1 TeV / c 2 ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? 10 ?88 ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????, ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????????. [74] [75]

????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????. ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. [76] 2008 ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????-?? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????????.

????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????????? (???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????) 10 64 ?????????? ????????. 10 11 (10,000 ??????) M ☉ ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? 2 × 10 100 ?????????? ????????. [77] ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? 10 14 M ☉ ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ??????????? 10 106 ?????????? ????????.

???????????? ????????

[ ?????? ]
????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????.

?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ????????, ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????. [78]

2019 ??????? 10 ? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ????, ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???????? ? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ???????????? (EHT) MIT ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???. 2017 ?????????? EHT, ????????? 87 ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. "?????? ???, ??? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? 10 ????? ???? ?????????". ? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? 2019 ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????????. [79] ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? EHT, ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. [80] ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. [81]

????????????? A * ?? ????? [82] ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????.

EHT ?????? '?????' ?????? ????????, ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????, ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? (1,000 km/s ???????? ???????) ???????????? ? ????????? ???????????. ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ???????????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????, ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? M87 * ?? ???????????? ???????????. [83] ?????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????. ???????????, EHT ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? M87 * ?? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ??????? ?????????? - ?????? "???" ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? - ???????? ?????? ???????.

EHT, ?????? ????? 2015 ??, ????????????? A * ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????. ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????. [84] [85]

???????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????

[ ?????? ]

2015 ?????????? 14 ?, LIGO ????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? . [12] [86] ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? 36 ??? ?????????? , ?????? 29 ??? ?????????? ????????. [87] ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???. ????????, ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? 350 ??.??. (???? ??????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????) ??? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????????.

??? ???? ??????

[ ?????? ]

??????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ ?? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????. ??????? ????? ???? 11.168 ??.??./??
  2. ↑ ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? 4.30?×?5.50 ??????? ????? ??? ??????. 1756 ???? 20 ? ??????? ????? ???????????? 146 ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????????. ??????146 ????????123 ???? ?????????.
  3. ↑ This is true only for four-dimensional spacetimes. In higher dimensions more complicated horizon topologies like a black ring are possible. [45] [46]

??????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (10 April 2019). "Black Hole Picture Revealed for the First Time ? Astronomers at last have captured an image of the darkest entities in the cosmos ? Comments" . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 April 2019 .
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Event Horizon Telescope, The (2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal . 87 : L1. arXiv : 1906.11238 . Bibcode : 2019ApJ...875L...1E . doi : 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link )
  3. ↑ Landau, Elizabeth (10 April 2019). "Black Hole Image Makes History" . NASA . Retrieved 10 April 2019 .
  4. ↑ "The woman behind first black hole image" . BBC News . 11 April 2019.
  5. ↑ Oldham, L. J.; Auger, M. W. (March 2016). "Galaxy structure from multiple tracers ? II. M87 from parsec to megaparsec scales". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 457 (1): 421?439. arXiv : 1601.01323 . Bibcode : 2016MNRAS.457..421O . doi : 10.1093/mnras/stv2982 .
  6. ↑ Wald, R. M. (1997). "Gravitational Collapse and Cosmic Censorship". In Iyer, B. R.; Bhawal, B. (eds.). Black Holes, Gravitational Radiation and the Universe . Springer. pp. 69?86. arXiv : gr-qc/9710068 . doi : 10.1007/978-94-017-0934-7 . ISBN   978-9401709347 .
  7. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (8 June 2015). "Black Hole Hunters" . NASA . Archived from the original on 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 .
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  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Montgomery, Colin; Orchiston, Wayne; Whittingham, Ian (2009). "Michell, Laplace and the origin of the black hole concept". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage . 12 (2): 90?96. Bibcode : 2009JAHH...12...90M .
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  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Abbott, B.P.; et al. (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger". Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (6): 061102. arXiv : 1602.03837 . Bibcode : 2016PhRvL.116f1102A . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 . PMID   26918975 .
  13. ↑ Bouman, Katherine L. ; Johnson, Michael D.; Zoran, Daniel; Fish, Vincent L.; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Freeman, William T. (2016). "Computational Imaging for VLBI Image Reconstruction". 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) . pp. 913?922. arXiv : 1512.01413 . doi : 10.1109/CVPR.2016.105 . hdl : 1721.1/103077 . ISBN   978-1-4673-8851-1 .
  14. ↑ Gardiner, Aidan (12 April 2018). "When a Black Hole Finally Reveals Itself, It Helps to Have Our Very Own Cosmic Reporter ? Astronomers announced Wednesday that they had captured the first image of a black hole. The Times's Dennis Overbye answers readers' questions" . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 April 2019 .
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  23. ↑ Eddington, Arthur (1926). The Internal Constitution of the Stars . Vol. 52. Cambridge University Press. pp. 233?40. doi : 10.1126/science.52.1341.233 . ISBN   978-0-521-33708-3 . PMID   17747682 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. {{ cite book }} : |work= ignored ( help )
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  25. ↑ Venkataraman, G. (1992). Chandrasekhar and his limit . Universities Press. p. 89. ISBN   978-81-7371-035-3 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2016.
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  40. ↑ "?????????? - ?????? ??????? ???? - ??????? ?????????" . andhrabharati.com . Retrieved 2021-12-13 .
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