????,  ₀₀ Cu

????
Appearance	red-orange metallic luster
Standard atomic weight A r °(Cu)
	63.546 ± 0.003 [1] 63.546 ± 0.003  ( abridged ) [2]
???? in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium - ↑ Cu ↓ Ag ?????? ← ???? → ?????
Group	???:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[ Ar ] 3d 10 4s 1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phase at  STP	solid
Melting point	1357.77  K ​(1084.62 °C, ​1984.32 °F)
Boiling point	2835 K ​(2562 °C, ​4643 °F)
Density (near  r.t. )	8.96 g/cm 3
when liquid (at  m.p. )	8.02 g/cm 3
Heat of fusion	13.26  kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	300.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.440 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P   (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at  T   (K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2834
Atomic properties
Oxidation state s	?2, 0, [3] +1 , +2 , +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionization energies	( more )
Atomic radius	empirical: 128   pm
Covalent radius	132±4  pm
Van der Waals radius	140  pm
Spectral line s of ????
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​ face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound thin rod	(annealed) 3810 m/s (at  r.t. )
Thermal expansion	16.5 μm/(m?K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	401 W/(m?K)
Electrical resistivity	16.78 n Ω?m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic [4]
Young's modulus	110?128 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	369 MPa
Brinell hardness	35 HB = 874 MPa
CAS Number	7440-50-8
History
Discovery	Middle East erns ( 9000 BC )
Symbol	"Cu": from Latin cuprum
Isotopes of ???? v e
Template:infobox ???? isotopes does not exist
Category: ???? view talk edit | references

???? (Copper) ?? ??????? ?????? . ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??? ????? 29. ????? ?????? Cu ( ???????? ?????? Cuprum ??????. ??? ?? ???? . ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ???? ?????????, ?????????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????????. ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ????????????, ?????????? ???? ????. ^[5] ?????? ???? , ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????, ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ????.??.8000 ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ????.?? 5500 ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? , ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ^[6]

??????, ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ???????? ???? ???????? (сyprium ) ??? ??????????. ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ^[7] ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????? .

???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ( ???????? ) ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????, ???? ??????? ???, ??????-????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????. ? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? .??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????. ???? ???????? 10 ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????????, ????. ?.19 ? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???? ???? ???????? 50% ?????? ????? ?? 25 ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????????.

?????? ???????? ???? 11 ?????? (?????? ) ??? ?????? ?????. ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? 11 ?????? ??? ?????? ????????. ??????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????, ???? ???????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? D-????????? (????) ???????? ??????????????? ?????, ???? ?????? S ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????. ????????? ????????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? (59.6×106 S/m). ???? 29 ?????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ⁶³ CU, ⁶⁵ CU ????????? ??????????.

⁶³ CU ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? 69% ???? ???? ??. ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????.

????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ^[8]

???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? .???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. chalcopyrite, chalcocite ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? azurite, malachite, ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????. ????????? ????????? copper (I) oxide, cuprite. ??????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 50 ppm ?????? ???????? .1857 ?? ???????? ????????? (Keweenaw Peninsula) ???? ??????? ( Michigan) ?? 420 ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? (????) ????????? (open pit mines) ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????, ????, ??????????, ????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????.

??????? ???? 0 .6%.?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? (CuFeS2) ?? ????????. ?????? ????????? chalcocite ?????????? (Cu ₂ S) ?????? ?????.

?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? /?????, ???? , ???? , ????? , ?????? , ??????????? , ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ??????, ????, ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????.

????, ?????/???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ???????? ????? ???? 37 ????? 45 % ???? ???????< ^[9] .???????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? 37 % ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???/????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? 37 % ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? (cast ing) ???????? ????? ????????.

???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????, ?????????, ???????? ????????, ??????, ??????? ????? ??????, ????????, ???????, ??????? ???????????, ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????/?????????? ??????? ^[10] .

• ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? 37% ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.
• ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? 37 -45 ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????.

???? (?????) ???????? ????? ???????? 3 ????????? ??????????????.

• ????-????? ???????
• ????-?????-???? ???????
• ????-?????-???? ???????

??? ?????? (casting ) ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? 4 ??????? ?????????????????.

• ????-?????-?????? ?????? ?????? (?????, ??????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? .
• ????????- ????? ??????.?????? ?????? ????, ????? ??????? ??????
• ????-????? ???????????????? ???? .?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????.
• ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????-?????? ? ?????? ????

?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????.??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ^[11]

?????? ????, ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? 88.0%, ???????? 12.0% ???? ?????? ^[12] .????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ???????????, ????????, ????????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????.? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????, ??????? ????? ??????. ? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ???????, ?????????, ??????? ??????, ?????????????? ???????, ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????.

• ???????? ???????? :? ?????????????? ????, ???????? ???? 0.05-0.35% ???? ???????? ??????? ??????.???????????? ???????? ????????? ????? 05-11.0% ???? ?????????? ^[13]

???? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? (???????, ???????, ?????????, ?????????? ?????????????? ????????) ??????????? ???????.????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???????.??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????.?????? ??? ?????????? ??????/?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????.???? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????. ^[14]

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