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????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? . ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????: ???????? ?????????, ?????????, ????????? ???? ????????? ????????. ? ???????? "?????????" ????? ?? ?????????? ??????. ? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????. ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????.

"???????????" ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????
  • ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? "??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? (store), ???????????? (process/analyze) ?? ?????????? ??????" ??? ??????????????. ? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????. [1]
  • ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? "??????????? ??????????? (store) , ???????????? (retrieve), ???????????? (process/analyze), ?????????????? ?? (?????????? ?????????????) ??????" ??? ???????????? ?????????. ? ?????????? ?????-????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????. [2]
  • ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ?????????? "???????? ?????? ???????, ??????????? (??????) ??????????, ???????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????," ??? ????????????. ? ?????????? ??????????? '???????? ??????????? ??????' ??? ?????????? ????????. [3]

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????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? (digital computers), ??????? ??? ???????? (analog computers). ?????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????? (hybrid computers) ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? '???' ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??????????.

? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? (establishment) ???? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ????? ????????? ???, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? (transactions) ???????? (processing) ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????.

? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ???? ?????; ???????? ???? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????; ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????. ? ???? ???????????? ???????? personal computer ???, ????????? PC ???, ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????????. ? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? (desktop), ????? ?????????? '??????' (laptop), ?????? ??????????? (hand-held) ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? embedded computers ??????. ???????? ??????? ????????, ????? ???????? (??????? ????????) ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? . ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ?????????, ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ??????. ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? PC ???? "????? ???????? ??????" ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????????.

???? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????. ????? DNA (???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ) ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? DNA ???????????.

???????????: ?? ????????????

?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ? ??????????? ?????????????, ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????, ????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????. ???? ?????????, ????????, ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????, ???? ???????????. ? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????. ?????????????? ???????? ????. ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????.

???? ????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????, ???????? ???????? ???! ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ????? ???? ????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????, ???????? ???????? ???!

??????????? “?????????” (computer) ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????; ???? “????????” (compute) ???? ???????. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? “???????” (driver) ???????, ?????? ???? ????????? “?????” (potter) ??????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? “?????????” ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????. ? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????; ????? ????.

?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????, ?????????, ?????????, ???????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? (digital computing machines) ???????. ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? (logical calculations) ???? ???????? ????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ???-??????? ???????? (arithmetic-logic machines) ???????. ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????. ???????? ??? ??? ???, ???????, ???????, ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? (information processing machine) ??? ??? ????? ?????????????.

??? ??????????? ???? ??????? (information) ????????? ????????. ???????? “???? ????? ?????????” ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????: ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????. ? ??????????? ?????????? (data) ??????. ? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????. ? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???. “?????? ????????, ???????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??????, ???????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ?????, ???? ??????” ??? ???????? ???. ?????? ??????? (instructions) ??????. ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????. ?????? ????????, ?????????????, ???? ????????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???.

??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ? ???? ????????????, ??????????, ?????? ???? ??????????. ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????, “?????? ????” ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????. (? ?????? ???? ???????????, ???? ????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ????.) “?????? ????????, ????? ??????, ???????? ??????…” ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????. ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???. ???????? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????.

?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ??? “?????????????” (programmers) ?????????. ? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????. ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. “??????????” ??? ????? “??????????” ??? ?????? ??? ????. ? ????? “????? ??????????” ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????. ??????? ?????? ???????? “?????????” ?????. ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????. ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????.

??? ??????????? ????????? (programs), ?????????? (data) ??????. ? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ????. ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? (machine language) ???? ??????, ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????????, ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????, …, ??????? ????? “???????????” (software) ??? ??????????.

?????????? ??????? ??????????????? “????????” (hardware), “?????????” ???? “????????” (software) ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ???????? (????? ?????), ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? (????? ?????). ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????, ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????. ????????? ?????? “????????” ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? (???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????) ? ???? ??? (screen), ????????? (keyboard), ?????? (mouse), ??????????? ??????????. ????, ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????. ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????. ? ??? ???????? ??? “????????? ????????” (computer viruses) ???????.

????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??????, ????????, ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????, ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????. ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????????, ???? ??? ??????????, ??? ????????. ?????, ????????? ????????, “????”?? “????” (cache) ????, ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? (main memory) ????, ?????? ??? ???? ???????? “?????????” ???? ??????????. ???? ?????? ???? (???) ??????? ?????? (????????) ???? ???. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? “?????????”?? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????? “?????????” (processor) ????? ????????, ? ?????????? ????? ???????? (process) ????????? ????? ?? ????????. ? “????????” ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????. ? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????.

1. ??????????? ????? ????? ????????

??? ??? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ???; ??????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? (?????? ??? ????????, ?????? ??? ????????, ???????, ??????? ??? ????????) ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???. ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? (???? ??????????, ???????) ?????? ???? ???????? ????; ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???. ??????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????; ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? (storage hierarchy) ??????.

????? ?????????? (storage hierarchy) ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? (cache, ????) ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? (???? ????????), ?????? ????? ???????????? (???? ?????????????) ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? (primary storage) ??? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? (main memory) ??? ????, ??? (RAM, Random Access Memory) ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????. ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????. ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ??????????? “???” ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????? (files ??) ???? ??? ????????, ?????????? ???, ???? (????) ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? (secondary storage) ?????? ???????. ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? “?????? ????????” (disk storage) ??????. ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????, ?????, ? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????.

2. ???????????? ?????? ?????

??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????; ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? (keyboard) ?????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. ????????? ??? ??? ? ??????? (???????) ???????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ????, ? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? (binary code) ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????/???????? ??????. “????????” ???? ??????? ????? ???????, ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????????? (input), ????????? (output) ??? ???????. ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ??? ? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????.

??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????. ?? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????, ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????????????. ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? (E-mail) ?????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? (communications) ???????? ??? ???? ???????. ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? “?????” (modem) ???? ???????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? (modulation), ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? (signals) ?? ???????, ?????? ???? ??????? (demodulation). ????? ??????? ????????? (wireless) ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????. ? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????, ??? - ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? (Internet) ?????????? ???????. ???????? ????? ????????? ???????, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????, ??????????. ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ???????.

????????? ??????

??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????????. ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? “?????????” (processor). ? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????? “???????????” (processing) ???????, ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? (process) ??????? ??????. ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????.

????? “????????” (process) ??? ???????? ????? ??????????. ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? “????????” ??????. ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????. ? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ???????? ??. “??????" ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? "????????" ?????????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????. (???? ???????? ? ??? ????????? ?????????. ????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ???????, ????????.) ? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? (silicon chip) ??? ? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? “????????????????” ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????????????? (microprocessor) ??? ?????????? ??????. “??????” ???? ?????????? ??? ?????. “??? ???” ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? “??????” ????? ????????? ????????. ? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????.

????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? (store) ???? ????? (memory). ? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????, ??????, ???????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????????. ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? (address) ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? (????, ??????? ????????? ???) ????????? ?????????.

??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????; ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???????, ????????? ????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????, ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????.

????, ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ????????. ??????????? ????? ?????????? input/output ??????. ???????? ?????????/ ????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ? ??????????? ? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? (screen), ????????? (printer), ????????? (keyboard), ?????? (mouse), ??????, ?????, ????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? “???” (bus) ??????. ? “???” ??? ??? ?????? ???? “????????” (omnibus) ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ????. “????????” ???? “???????” ??? ?????. ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? (????, ????????? ???????? ?????) ?????? ? ???? ????????. ????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????, “???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????” ??? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????. ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? “???”?? ?????? “????????” (????????????) ?????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? “????????” ???????.

? ???? ???????? ??? “???????????” (hardware) ??? ???? ???????. ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????????. ??????????? ???? ????? ??????, ???????, ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????????. ???? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????. ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????. ?????????????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ? “???”?? ?????????? “????????? ??????” ??????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??????. ? ??????? ????????? (???? ????????, ???? software) ??????? ????????.

???????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????, ? ????????? ?????, ???????, ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ????????, ?????, ?????, ????????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????; ??? ?? ????? (shell) ???????. ? “?????” ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????? (apartments or flats) ?? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ???????????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ? ??????? ??????????, ? ???????? ??????????. ? ??? ?????????? ??????????? (?????????? applications ??? ???? applications programs ??? ????) ??????. ??????? (browsers), ?-?????? (E-mail), “?? ?????????” (word processor), ??????????????? (spreadsheets), ???????????? (powerpoint), ?????????? ? ????? ?????????. ? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????????? (install ????????) ???????????.

??????? ???????? ???????????? (Microsoft) ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? “?????? ????????? ??????” (Disk Operating System) ???? ???????? “????” (DOS) ???????. ?????? MS-DOS ??? ???? ??????. ? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ???, ????????, ????????? (???? ???????) ?? ???? ????????? (files) ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ? ???????? ? ???? ??????????. ? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????; ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????, ????????????? (users) ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????????.

? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????. ???????? ?????? ??????: ???????-?????? (Windows NT), ?-???/2 (OS/2), ???????? (Unix), ????/??????? (DOS/Windows), ??????? 2000 (Windows 2000), ????????. “??????? 2000” ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? (?????????) ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????????????. ? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? “??????” ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????. ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? (E-mails) ???????. ??????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? (housekeeping operations) ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????.

? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????. ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? “?????” (BIOS) ??????, ???? Basic Input Output System ??? ?????. ? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? CD-ROM (????, Compact Disk ? Read Only Memory) ??????????. ???? “????? ???? ?????????” ??????? 680 MB (????, 680 ??????? ???????) ???? ???????. ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????????????. ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????.

???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????, ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????. ??????????? “???” ????????? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? (programs) ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????. ??????????? “???” ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????????. ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? “????????? ?????” (keyboard driver) ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????. ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (software drivers) ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ? ????? ???? ??????????. ?????? ?????????????? ????. ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? (hardware) ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????.

?????????

??????????? ?????????? ?????

? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????, ???????? ?????, ???????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??????? ????, ?????? ?????, ??????????? ?????, ?????????? ??? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????. ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???:

  • ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????.
  • ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????.
  • ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????.

?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????.

????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? instructions ??? ???? commands ??? ???? ??????. ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? '???????' ??????? ?????????? ??????????? (program) ??? ??????. ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? (programming) ??????. ? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? (programmer) ??????. ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????. ???????? ??????????, ????????, ?????????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????. ? ??????????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? (software) ??????. ??? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? (store or memory) ??????. ? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????, ?????, ????? ????????, ? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????.

???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ( ???????????? ), ??????????? ( ??????????? ) ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????.

????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????. ?????-??????? ????????? ???????, ?? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????????? - ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? - ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????. ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????. ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????.

????????? ??????? ??????: ?????????? ????????? ??? ??

??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????, 1940? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? " ???????? ????????? ???????????? " ('?????????? ??????????' ??? ???? ???????? ?????????) ???????. ?????? "???? ??????? ?????????" (von Neumann architecture) ??? ???? ??????????. ? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. ? ??????????????? ??????????????? '???' ??? ???? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? '?????' ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????????.

??????

?? ???????? ???? - ????????? ????? ???????????.

????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (traffic lights) ???????????? ? ????????. ????????? ? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????: ?????, ?????, ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????. ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? (junction)?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ????????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????.

??????? ? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ??????? (program) ? ????? ?????? ????????.

  • 1. ????? ???? ??????? ?????
  • 2. ???? ???? ?????????
  • 3. ?????? ???? ??????
  • 4. ???? ???? ?????
  • 5. ??????? ???? ?????????
  • 6. ?????? ???? ??????
  • 7. ??????? ???? ?????
  • 8. ????????? ???? ?????????
  • 9. ???? ???????? ???? ??????
  • 10. ????????? ???? ?????
  • 11. 2 ? ???? ??????? ??????.

? ????????? ??????? ??????? (instructions) ???????. ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ??????? ????????????.

????????? ??????? ??????: ????????? ??? ??? ??????????

????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ????, ????????, ?????????????, ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ? ???????? ??????: ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ??? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ? 26 ??? 33 ??? ???????. ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ????????? “?? ?????? 33 ????, ??? ????, ???? ?????, ??????? ????, ???? ???????,…. ???? ??????. ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? “???????????” (quantization) ?????. ?????? ?????????, ??????, ???, ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????. ???????? 33.14 ??? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? 33 ???? ? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ? 33 ?? 100001 ??? ??????, ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????.

??? ??????????? ?????????? (data), ??????? (instructions or commands) ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???. ??????? ?????? (store or memory) ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????????. ????, ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????, ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ????? “??”?? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? (address) ???????. ????? ?? ?? ????? (byte) ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????????. ????, ????? ?? ???? 8 ?????????? (bits) ????????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? 1024 ???? ???????? ????? ????? 1023 ????, ?????? 1024 ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…, 9 ???? ??????, A, B, C, D, …, Z ???? ????? ????? ????????, a, b, c, d, …, z ???????? ????? ????? ????????, !, @, $, ^, &, *, (, ), _, +, -, /, <, >,? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ? ?????? (character) ?? ????? ??????????? 1024 ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????????.

??????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ????? ???????? : 0 ?? 0000 0000 ????, A ?? 01000 0001 ????, M ?? 1101 0101 ???? ????????, ????????? (keyboard) ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????, ???????? ??? (binary string) ?????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ASCII code ??????. ? ????????, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????.

????? ???????? ???????
0 0000 0000 00
1 0000 0001 01
2 0000 0010 02
A 0100 0001 41
B 0100 0010 42
M 1101 0101 D5
a 0110 0001 61
b 0110 0010 62

??????

???????? ??? ????? ???????????? “?????????” (printer) ?????? ????????? 378 ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ????, “??????? ?????????” ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? 378 ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????.

??????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????. ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????.

?? ???, ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????, ????????? (keyboard) ??? M ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? (key) ?? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ? M ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????.

1. ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????, ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????????. ???????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????; ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????.

2. ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? (signal) ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? (scan code) ??????. M ?? ????? 6 ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? (???? ???? scan code) ?????????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? (unique) ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???. ????????????? ? ?????? ???? ASCII ???? ????????. (?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? “????” ?????.)

3. ????????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? (chip) ???????. ? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????, ??? ??????? ???? ???????. ? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????????? ??????. ? ?????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ? ???????? “????????? ?????????” (keyboard controller) ??????. ? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ????????, M ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????.

4. ??????? ? “?????? ????”?? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????????. ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? “??????” (buffer) ??????. ? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? “??????” ???????. ????????, ????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? “???? ???????”?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ? ????????? ?????? ???? “?????? ??????” ???? “?????? ???.” ??? ????????? ???????? M ??? ?????????? ???????? ????, M ????? ASCII ???? D5 ????, ?????? ??? ??? D5, ???? 1101 0101, ????? ????????. (????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ? ????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ????????????? ???????????. ? ??? ?? ????, ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? (alphanumeric) ????? ASCII ???? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? M ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? (byte) ???? ??????? ASCII ???? ??????????.)

5. ?????? ??? (buffer) ????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????. ???????? M ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???. ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? (processor) ????? ??????.

6. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? (processor) ?? ???? ????? ??? “???? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????” ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ? ??? “???????? ?????????” ??? ???? ?????? (chip) ?????????. ???? “???????” (interrupt) ??? ?????????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? (operating system) ??. ? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? M ????????? ???? ??? ????????????????. ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? (interrupt controller) ??????????? ?? “?????? ??????” (interrupt signal) ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????, ?????? (mouse) ????? ???????, ????? ????? ???????, ?????????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? (???? ???????? ???? operating system) ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????, ? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????.

7. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????????????. ??? ???? ???????. ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????. ? ??????????? ? ??????? (service) ???????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? (interrupt service program) ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? M ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????????.

8. ???????? ??? ??????? (Windows) ???? ???????? (multi-tasking) ?????????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????????? ??? M ??? ?????? ? “?????”?? ?????????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????. (????? “?????” ???? ????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????????.)

9. ??? ???, ??????? ?????? M ??? ??? ???????? ????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? M ??? ?????? ?? “?????”?? ??????????. ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? (video store) ??? ???? ???????? ?? M ?? ????? ????????.

10. ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? 100 ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????.

???? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??????????. ??????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ?????.

??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????. ? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????????. ? ???? ?????????, ????? ????? ????. ???????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????.

????????? ?? ??????

?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????.
??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????????.

????-???? ?????? - ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? (? ??? ??)

? ??? ?? . ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????????????: ???? ????????????? ???? ??????? (additions), ????????? (subtractions), ?????????? (multiplications), ??????????? (divisions). ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? (logic) ????????????. ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? (??.??.??) ???????? ????.

??????????? ?????? - ???????? ??????

???????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????: ?????????, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?/? ????? ?????, ? ????????? ????? ?????????, ? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ? ??? ???? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?/? ?????? ???? ????????. ? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. 1980? ????? ? ??? ??, ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? - ???????? ??????????? ?????? (?? ?? ??) ??????.

??????- ?????? ?????? - ?????? ??????

????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????????? ????????????. ? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????, ???? ?????????? (????, ???? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????) ????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ? ??? ????? ?????????????.?

??????/?????? ?????? - ???????? /???????? ?????? -(?/?)

? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????,, ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????????. ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????, ???????, ?????????????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????.

????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ? ??????? ?????? (?????) ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????.

????? ????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????. ????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????, ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????.

????????? ??????? ?????

?????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??, ???????????? ?????????? ??????????. ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????? , ?????????? ???????? , ??????? ???????? , ?????????? , ?????????? , ????????? ?????????? , ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????. ???? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ????? ???????? ???????! ?? ?????? ????????, ????????????????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????. ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????. ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????. ???????? ?????? ????? ??. ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? , ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????, 2004. ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????.

??????????? ???????? , ???????

???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????????. ??????? ????????????, ???????????? ????????????????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????, ???????? ????????????? ????????????. ???? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ???? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????????, ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????:

  • ????????? ???????????

?????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ????? ???????????. ? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????, ???? ??????? ????????, ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????.

  • ????????? ??????
?????????? ???????????
???????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????,, ? ?????????? ???????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ?????????, ????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
  • ??????????? ??????? ?????????: ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????
  • ??????? ??????????: ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????
  • ???????? ??????????: ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????????
?????? ?????? ???????
???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????????

????????? ????????????? ?????????,????????????

  • ????? ?????????????? [4]
  • ??-???? ???? "????????? ?????????" ?-??????? ??????? [5]
  • ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? [6]
???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????

????????? ????????

?????????? ???????? ??????????

?????? ??????: ????????? ??????
  • 1823?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????.
  • ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????. ??? 1934?? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????.
  • ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. 1937?? ??????????- “On computable Numbers, with an application to the Entsheidungsproblem” ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.
  • ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? . ?????? 1956?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ??? ????? ????????? ???????. ??? 1957?? ??????? ???????????? ????????.
  • ‘???????? ?????????’ ??? ??? 1976?? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????. ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????????.
  • ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? 1981?? ????????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????????? , ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????.
  • ‘ ???? ’ ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ??????.
  • ??????, ???? ??????? 1973?? ??????? ??????? , ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????.
  • 1973?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????, ????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????. [7]

??? ???? ??????

??????

  1. ↑ The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/computer?view=uk Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine , Accessed on 08.01.2009
  2. ↑ Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/computer , Accessed on 08.01.2009
  3. ↑ Basandra, Suresh K, "Computers Today", Chapter-1, Pg#3, Galgotia Publications, 2005, ISBN 81-86340-74-2
  4. ↑ "????? ??????????????" . Archived from the original on 2011-06-17 . Retrieved 2009-10-25 .
  5. ↑ "??-???? ???? "????????? ?????????" ?-??????? ???????" . Archived from the original on 2009-10-27 . Retrieved 2009-10-22 .
  6. ↑ "???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-12 . Retrieved 2010-11-29 .
  7. ↑ ?????? ???????, ??????????? (20 February 2020). "?????, ????, ???????.. ??????????? ?? ????" . ntnews . Archived from the original on 22 ???????? 2020 . Retrieved 31 March 2020 .

??????

  • ?????? ?????????????? , ???????????, ?????? ???? ?????? , ???????? (???????) ????? 1967 ????? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ????????? (???) ??????. ? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????.
  • ?????? ?????????????? , ????????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????, lolakam.blogspot.com/, Aug 30, 2013
  • ?????? ?????????????? , ????????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????, lolakam.blogspot.com/, Aug 24, 2013
  • ?????? ?????????????? , ??? ????????: ?? ????????????, ?????, lolakam.blogspot.com/, Aug 03, 2013
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