?????

????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ^[1] ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ????????????. ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????. 16 ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? 17? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???????. 18? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????. 1760?? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????????. 18 ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????.

??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????, ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????????. ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ^[2] ??????? ??????? . 19? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????.

??????

↑ Some definitions of opera: "dramatic performance or composition of which music is an essential part, branch of art concerned with this" ( Concise Oxford English Dictionary ); "any dramatic work that can be sung (or at times declaimed or spoken) in a place for performance, set to original music for singers (usually in costume) and instrumentalists" (Amanda Holden, Viking Opera Guide ); "musical work for the stage with singing characters, originated in early years of 17th century" ( Pears Cyclopaedia , 1983 ed.).
↑ Apel 1969 , p. 718

[1] Some definitions of opera: "dramatic performance or composition of which music is an essential part, branch of art concerned with this" ( Concise Oxford English Dictionary ); "any dramatic work that can be sung (or at times declaimed or spoken) in a place for performance, set to original music for singers (usually in costume) and instrumentalists" (Amanda Holden, Viking Opera Guide ); "musical work for the stage with singing characters, originated in early years of 17th century" ( Pears Cyclopaedia , 1983 ed.).

[Apel,_p._718-2] Apel 1969 , p. 718

[1]

[2]