????????

???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? (LAN), ???? ????????????? ????? ?????????? (MAN) ???? ???? ????? ?????????? (WAN) ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ??????. ^[1] ?????? 1980? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????????. 1983 ?? ?????? IEEE 802.3 ?????? ????????????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? (Backward compatibility) ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????, FDDI, ARCNET ????? ?????? ????????????.

??? 1990 ????? LAN ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????, ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????. ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Ralph Santitoro (2003). "Metro Ethernet Services ? A Technical Overview" (PDF) . mef.net . Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2018 . Retrieved 2016-01-09 .
↑ Ralph Santitoro (2003). "Metro Ethernet Services ? A Technical Overview" (PDF) . mef.net . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-22 . Retrieved 2021-08-04 .
↑ "IEEE 802.3 'Standard for Ethernet' Marks 30 Years of Innovation and Global Market Growth" (Press release). IEEE. June 24, 2013.
↑ "Alto: A Personal Computer System Hardware Manual" (PDF) . Xerox. August 1976. p. 37.
↑ Charles M. Kozierok (2005-09-20). "Data Link Layer (Layer 2)" . tcpipguide.com .

[1] Ralph Santitoro (2003). "Metro Ethernet Services ? A Technical Overview" (PDF) . mef.net . Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2018 . Retrieved 2016-01-09 .

[2] Ralph Santitoro (2003). "Metro Ethernet Services ? A Technical Overview" (PDF) . mef.net . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-22 . Retrieved 2021-08-04 .

[ieeepr-3] "IEEE 802.3 'Standard for Ethernet' Marks 30 Years of Innovation and Global Market Growth" (Press release). IEEE. June 24, 2013.

[Alto-4] "Alto: A Personal Computer System Hardware Manual" (PDF) . Xerox. August 1976. p. 37.

[5] Charles M. Kozierok (2005-09-20). "Data Link Layer (Layer 2)" . tcpipguide.com .

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