??????????

?????????? ???? ?????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ^[4]

??????? ???????????? ???? ?????, ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????. ^[5]^[6]^[7]

?????? ????????? ???????, 1950 ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????, ? ?????? ??????????? (?????, ???????, ?????, ????????? ??????????), ???????? ?????? ????????(??????? ??????????(functional literacy). ^[8] ?????????? ???? ?????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ^[4]

???????? ???? ????????

???????? ???? ???????? ??????? "??????????" ?????????, ?????????? (identify), ????? ????????? (understand), ????????? (interpret), ?????????? (create), ?????????? (communicate), ?????????? (compute), ??????????, ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? "??????????". ^[10] ??? ???????????????.

??????????? ??????

? ??????? ??????, ????????, ??????????????? ???????????, ?????? ???????????? ???????????. ???????? 2001?? ?????????. ^[11]

? ???????? 2001 ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????.??????? ?????? 2001 ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????. ^[12]

????	??????????? ??????????	?????? ??????????
????	90.9	98.9
????????	61.3	73.3
??????	44.0	62.7
??????????	41.5	53.9
???????	92.1	97.0
??????????	41.1	49.7

??? ??????

??????

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "The quality or state of being literate; educated, cultured; able to read and write - Merriam Webster Dictionary" . 2021-01-29.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "The ability to read and write; knowledge or skills in a specific area, Oxford learner's dictionary" . 2021-02-06.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "The ability to read and write; knowledge of a particular subject, or a particular type of knowledge - Cambridge Dictionary" . 2021-01-30.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "?????????? (??????????? ????????)" . ?????? ??????????????. 1995.
↑ "The quality or state of being illiterate, especially inability to read or write; a mistake or crudity (as in speaking); Merriam Webster Dictionary" . 2021-03-10.
↑ "a lack of the ability to read and write; a lack of knowledge about a particular subject; Cambridge Dictionary" . 2021-03-10.
↑ "The fact of being unable to read or write; the fact of knowing very little about a particular subject area; Oxford learner's dictionary" . 2021-03-10.
↑ "Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework, researchgate.net" . May 2019. p. 111. {{ cite web }}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= ( help )
↑ "Adult literacy rates, 2015 or most recent observation" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 15 February 2020 .
↑ UNESCO Education Sector, The Plurality of Literacy and its implications for Policies and Programs: Position Paper. Paris: United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2004, p. 13, citing a international expert meeting in June 2003 at UNESCO. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001362/136246e.pdf
↑ Economic Survey 2004-05 , Economic Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, quoting UNDP Human Development Report 2004.
↑ Data from India 2005

???? ???????

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "The quality or state of being literate; educated, cultured; able to read and write - Merriam Webster Dictionary" . 2021-01-29.

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "The ability to read and write; knowledge or skills in a specific area, Oxford learner's dictionary" . 2021-02-06.

[:2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "The ability to read and write; knowledge of a particular subject, or a particular type of knowledge - Cambridge Dictionary" . 2021-01-30.

[:3-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "?????????? (??????????? ????????)" . ?????? ??????????????. 1995.

[5] "The quality or state of being illiterate, especially inability to read or write; a mistake or crudity (as in speaking); Merriam Webster Dictionary" . 2021-03-10.

[6] "a lack of the ability to read and write; a lack of knowledge about a particular subject; Cambridge Dictionary" . 2021-03-10.

[7] "The fact of being unable to read or write; the fact of knowing very little about a particular subject area; Oxford learner's dictionary" . 2021-03-10.

[8] "Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework, researchgate.net" . May 2019. p. 111. {{ cite web }}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= ( help )

[9] "Adult literacy rates, 2015 or most recent observation" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 15 February 2020 .

[10] UNESCO Education Sector, The Plurality of Literacy and its implications for Policies and Programs: Position Paper. Paris: United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2004, p. 13, citing a international expert meeting in June 2003 at UNESCO. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001362/136246e.pdf

[11] Economic Survey 2004-05 , Economic Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, quoting UNDP Human Development Report 2004.

[12] Data from India 2005

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]