1971 ???????-???????????? ????

1971 ??????-???????????? ????
	????????? ????????? ???? , ??????-?????????? ??????? ?????
	; 1971 ??? ???????? 16 ????? ?????????? ????? ?. ?. ??. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????.
????	3?16 ???????? 1971
????	??????? ???????????? , ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????, ????????????? ???? , ?????????? , ?????? ????????
	?????? ??????. ; ????????? ?????: ; ???????????? ?????? ????. ; ???????? ?????: ; ???????????? ???? ?????????.
?????????? ; ??????????	* ??????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? 5,795 ???? ??????? (15,010 km 2 ) ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????. ;
?????????
??????? ; ???????? ???????????	????????????
????????, ?????????
?????? ??. ??. ???? ; ??????? ??????? ?????? ; ???? ???????? ; ????? ???? ????? ; ?????? ; ??????? ; ???? ???? ; ??. ???. ???. ??????? ; ????????? ; ????? ; ??????? ???? ; ??????????? ?????????????? ; ??????? ; ????????? ; ???????? ??????? ; ???? ???????	?????? ????? ???? ; ??????? ?????? ????? ; ??????? ????? ???? ; ?????? ; ???? ???? ; ?????? ???? ; ??????? ??? ; ????? ; ??????? ?????? ; ?????? ??? ; ?????? ; ??????? † ; ?????? ???? ; ??????? ?????
????
?????? ?????: 175,000 ; ???????? ???????????? ?????? : 500,000 ; ???????: 675,000	???????????? ????????????: 365,000
?????????
2,500 ?3,843 ??????. 1 ???????? ; ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????. ; ???????????? ??????? 130 ?????? ??????? ??????????? ; ?????? ??????? 45 ?????? ??????? ??????????? ; ??????? ??????? 45 ?????? ??????? ??????????? ;	9,000 ?????? ; 25,000 ????? ; 97,368 ??????????? ; 2 ?????????? ; 1 ????????? ?????? ; 1 ???????????? ?????? ; 3 ????????????? ??????? ; 7 ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ; ????????????? ???????????????? ????? ; ???????????? ??????? 42 ??????????? ; ?????? ??????? 94 ??????????? ; ??????? ??????? 75 ??????????? ;

1971 ??????-???????????? ???? ( Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 ) ?????? 1971 ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????. 3 ???????? 1971 ????? 11 ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[23]^[24] ??????? 13 ??????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????????????. ^[25]^[26]

?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? [ ???? ]

????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ????? 1971 ?????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????????. ^[27]

???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. ???????????????? ???????, ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????. ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ^[28] ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ^[29]^[30]^[31] ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????. ^[32]

????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ^[33] 11 ???????? 1971??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[27]^[34]

6 ??????? 13 ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? 18 ???????? 1971 ????? 7 ????? 1972 ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????. ^[35]^[36]

?????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 166 . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1-57607-712-2 . India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia
↑ Kemp, Geoffrey (2010). The East Moves West India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press. p. 52. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-8157-0388-4 . However, India's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India
↑ Byman, Daniel (2005). Deadly connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism . Cambridge University Press. p. 159 . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-521-83973-0 . India's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972
↑ "Indian Air Force. Squadron 5, Tuskers" . Global Security . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 .
↑ Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within . Oxford University Press. p. 329 . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-547697-2 .
↑ Chitkara, M. G (1996). Benazir, a Profile ? M. G. Chitkara . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9788170247524 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 .
↑ Schofield, Victoria (18 January 2003). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War ? Victoria Schofield . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1-86064-898-4 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 M. Leonard, Thomas (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World . Taylor & Francis. p. 806. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-415-97664-0 . ????????????? ???? 2015-07-13 .
↑ Vulnerable India: A Geographical Study of Disaster By Anu Kapur
↑ "Chapter 10: Naval Operations In The Western Naval Command" . Indian Navy . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012.
↑ "DAMAGE ASSESMENT ? 1971 INDO-PAK NAVAL WAR" . Orbat.com. Archived from the original on 19 ???????? 2012 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 .
↑ Air Chief Marshal P C Lal (1986). My Days with the IAF . Lancer. p. 286. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-81-7062-008-2 .
↑ "The Battle of Longewala---The Truth" . India Defence Update . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011.
↑ "PAKISTAN AIR FORCE ? Official website" . Paf.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 15 ???????? 2011 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ??????????:Cite web ??????
↑ Leonard, Thomas. Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1 . Taylor & Francis, 2006. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-415-97662-6 .
↑ The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare , edited by Chris Bishop (Amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384?387 ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1-904687-26-1 )
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971" . Global Security . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 .
↑ "The Sinking of the Ghazi" . Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4(2) . Archived from the original on 26 ???????? 2018 . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )
↑ "How west was won...on the waterfront" . The Tribune . ????????????? ???? 24 December 2011 .
↑ "India ? Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, Part I" . acig.com . ????????????? ???? 22 December 2011 .
↑ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . ????????????? ???? 24 April 2010 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )
↑ '???? ???????? ?????????': ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????
↑ Cohen, Stephen (2004). The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press. p. 382. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-8157-1502-3 . ^{[
??????????? ???????
]}
↑ "India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace" . Time . 27 December 1971. {{ cite magazine }}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored ( help )
↑ "World's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes" . ???????? . 10 March 2007 . http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/98112-world_shortest_war-0 .
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 "1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain" . The World Reporter . 30 October 2011 . ????????????? ???? 30 October 2011 .
↑ Alvandi, Roham (2016). Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War (in ????????). Oxford University Press. p. 61. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-061068-5 . ????????????? ???? 27 December 2016 .
↑ "The U.S.: A Policy in Shambles" . Time . 20 December 1971. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 .
↑ Hanhimaki, Jussi (2004). The flawed architect: Henry Kissinger and American foreign policy . Oxford University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-517221-8 .
↑ Lewis, John P. (9 December 1971). "Mr. Nixon and South Asia" . The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/09/archives/mr-nixon-and-south-asia.html . "The Nixon Administration's South Asia policy... is beyond redemption"
↑ "1971 War: How the US tried to corner India" . Rediff.com . 26 December 2006 . http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/26claude.htm .
↑ Rajagopalan, Rajesh; Mishra, Atul (2015). Nuclear South Asia: Keywords and Concepts . Routledge. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1-317-32475-1 .
↑ "British aircraft carrier 'HMS Eagle' tried to intervene in 1971 India ? Pakistan war" . Frontier India . 18 December 2010. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 .
↑ "Cold war games" . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 .
↑ "Birth of a nation" . The Indian Express . 11 December 2009 ??? ????????? ??????? 5 June 2020 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20200605140439/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/birth-of-a-nation/552795/3 .

?????? ?????? [ ???? ]

Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1967?1999 . RoseDog Books. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-8059-9594-7 .
Cilano, Cara, ed. (2010). Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies - Special issue on 1971 War .
Hanhimaki, Jussi M. (2004). The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy . Oxford University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-517221-8 .
Haqqani, Hussain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-87003-214-1 .
Niazi, General A. A. K. (1999). Betrayal of East Pakistan . Oxford University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-579275-1 .
Palit, D K (1972). The Lightning Campaign: The Indo-Pakistan War 1971 . Compton Press Ltd. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-900193-10-1 .
Raghavan, Srinath (2013). 1971- A global History of Creation of Bangladesh (PDF) . Harvard University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-674-72864-6 .
Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar (2010). O General My General (Life and Works of General M A G Osmany) . The Osmany Memorial Trust, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-984-8866-18-4 .
Saigal, J R (2000). Pakistan Splits: The Birth of Bangladesh . Manas Publications. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9788170491248 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

Video of General Niazi Surrendering
A complete coverage of the war from the Indian perspective ????????????? 2005-08-02 at the ??????? ?????????
An Atlas of the 1971 India ? Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill
Actual conversation from the then US President Nixon and Henry Kissinger during the 1971 War ? US Department of State's Official archive.
Indian Army: Major Operations
Pakistan: Partition and Military Succession USA Archives
Pakistan intensifies air raid on India BBC
A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper. ????????????? 2005-09-06 at the ??????? ?????????
The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971.
16 December 1971: any lessons learned? By Ayaz Amir ? Pakistan's Dawn (newspaper)
India-Pakistan 1971 War as covered by TIME ????????????? 2012-09-09 at the ??????? ?????????
Indian Air Force Combat Kills in the 1971 war (unofficial), Centre for Indian Military History ????????????? 2006-10-20 at the ??????? ?????????
Op Cactus Lilly: 19 Infantry Division in 1971, a personal recall by Lt Col Balwant Singh Sahore ????????????? 2007-09-26 at the ??????? ?????????
All for a bottle of Scotch, a personal recall of Major (later Major General) C K Karumbaya, SM, the battle for Magura ????????????? 2007-09-26 at the ??????? ?????????
"The Rediff Interview/Lt Gen A A Khan Niazi" . Rediff. 2 February 2004 . http://www.rediff.com/../news/2004/feb/02inter1.htm .

[Lyon-1] Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 166 . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1-57607-712-2 . India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia

[Kemp-2] Kemp, Geoffrey (2010). The East Moves West India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press. p. 52. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-8157-0388-4 . However, India's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India

[Byman-3] Byman, Daniel (2005). Deadly connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism . Cambridge University Press. p. 159 . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-521-83973-0 . India's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972

[glo-4] "Indian Air Force. Squadron 5, Tuskers" . Global Security . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 .

[Shuja_Nawaz_2008-5] Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within . Oxford University Press. p. 329 . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-547697-2 .

[books.google.com-6] Chitkara, M. G (1996). Benazir, a Profile ? M. G. Chitkara . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9788170247524 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 .

[https-7] Schofield, Victoria (18 January 2003). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War ? Victoria Schofield . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1-86064-898-4 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 .

[Encyclopedia_of_the_Developing_World,_Volume_3-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 M. Leonard, Thomas (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World . Taylor & Francis. p. 806. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-415-97664-0 . ????????????? ???? 2015-07-13 .

[9] Vulnerable India: A Geographical Study of Disaster By Anu Kapur

[10] "Chapter 10: Naval Operations In The Western Naval Command" . Indian Navy . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012.

[11] "DAMAGE ASSESMENT ? 1971 INDO-PAK NAVAL WAR" . Orbat.com. Archived from the original on 19 ???????? 2012 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 .

[Lal-12] Air Chief Marshal P C Lal (1986). My Days with the IAF . Lancer. p. 286. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-81-7062-008-2 .

[indiadefenceupdate.com-13] "The Battle of Longewala---The Truth" . India Defence Update . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011.

[14] "PAKISTAN AIR FORCE ? Official website" . Paf.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 15 ???????? 2011 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )

[Combat_Kills-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ??????????:Cite web ??????

[Pradhan-16] Leonard, Thomas. Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1 . Taylor & Francis, 2006. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-415-97662-6 .

[Century_Air_Warfare_1997,_pages_384-17] The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare , edited by Chris Bishop (Amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384?387 ??????????? ?????????? ??? 1-904687-26-1 )

[GlobalSecurity-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971" . Global Security . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 .

[BR-19] "The Sinking of the Ghazi" . Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4(2) . Archived from the original on 26 ???????? 2018 . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )

[20] "How west was won...on the waterfront" . The Tribune . ????????????? ???? 24 December 2011 .

[21] "India ? Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, Part I" . acig.com . ????????????? ???? 22 December 2011 .

[22] "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . ????????????? ???? 24 April 2010 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )

[23] '???? ???????? ?????????': ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????

[IoP-24] Cohen, Stephen (2004). The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press. p. 382. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-8157-1502-3 . ^{[
??????????? ???????
]}

[time27Dec1971-25] "India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace" . Time . 27 December 1971. {{ cite magazine }}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored ( help )

[26] "World's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes" . ???????? . 10 March 2007 . http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/98112-world_shortest_war-0 .

[theworldreporter.com-27] 27.0 ^27.1 "1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain" . The World Reporter . 30 October 2011 . ????????????? ???? 30 October 2011 .

[Oxford_University_Press,_Alvandi-28] Alvandi, Roham (2016). Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War (in ????????). Oxford University Press. p. 61. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-061068-5 . ????????????? ???? 27 December 2016 .

[uspol-29] "The U.S.: A Policy in Shambles" . Time . 20 December 1971. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 .

[30] Hanhimaki, Jussi (2004). The flawed architect: Henry Kissinger and American foreign policy . Oxford University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-517221-8 .

[lewisnyt-31] Lewis, John P. (9 December 1971). "Mr. Nixon and South Asia" . The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/09/archives/mr-nixon-and-south-asia.html . "The Nixon Administration's South Asia policy... is beyond redemption"

[32] "1971 War: How the US tried to corner India" . Rediff.com . 26 December 2006 . http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/26claude.htm .

[Routledge,_Mishra-33] Rajagopalan, Rajesh; Mishra, Atul (2015). Nuclear South Asia: Keywords and Concepts . Routledge. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1-317-32475-1 .

[34] "British aircraft carrier 'HMS Eagle' tried to intervene in 1971 India ? Pakistan war" . Frontier India . 18 December 2010. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . ????????????? ???? 27 July 2012 .

[:3-35] "Cold war games" . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 .

[:4-36] "Birth of a nation" . The Indian Express . 11 December 2009 ??? ????????? ??????? 5 June 2020 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20200605140439/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/birth-of-a-nation/552795/3 .

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