??????

????????????? ????
?????????? : 56°N 03°E  /  56°N 3°E  / 56; 3  ( North Sea )
??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
( ?? ???? ????????? ????????????????)
??????
North Sea
???????? Atlantic Ocean
?????????? 56°N 03°E  /  56°N 3°E  / 56; 3  ( North Sea )
??? ????
??????? ?????? ???????? ???? , ????? ??? , Weser , Ems , ???? ??? / Waal , ?????? ??? , ?????? ??? , Spey , Don , Dee , Tay , Forth , ???? , Wear , Tees , Humber , ??????
??????  ??????? ?????? ?????????? (particularly ??????????? and ??????????????? ), ??????? , ?????? , ?????????? , ??????? , the ??????????? , ????????? and ????????
???????? ????? 960 km (600 mi)
???????? ????? 580 km (360 mi)
???????????? 570,000 km 2 (220,000 sq mi)
?????? ???? 95 m (312 ???)
???????? ???? 700 m (2,300 ???)
?????? ?????? 54,000 km 3 (4.4 × 10 10  acre?ft)
?????????? ????? 3.4 to 3.5%
???????? ????????? 17 °C (63 °F)
??????????? ????????? 6 °C (43 °F)
??????????? Safety at Sea and Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences

?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ????. ??????? 600 ???? ??????? 350 ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? 222,000 ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? 100 ?????????? . ??????????? 700 ?? ???? ??? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????. ??????????? , ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????.

???????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????, ????????? ?? ???????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???????, ??????????? ???????????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????.

????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????? [1] ??????? ??????, ??????????, ???????, ???????????, ?????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????. [2] ????????????, ????? ??????????????? ???????, ?? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. [1] [2]

?????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????, [2] ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. [1] ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. [1] [3]

?? ???? 970 ?????????????? (600 mi) ??????????, ??????? 580 ?????????????? (360 mi) ??????????, ???? ???????? 570,000 ???? ?????????????? (220,000 sq mi) ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? 54,000 ?? ???? ?????????????? (13,000 cu mi) ?????? ??????. [4] ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????????. ???????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????. [2] ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????, ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????????. ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? - ???? (???). [5] ?????? 185 ????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????. [6]

??????? ???????? [ ???? ]

?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? 90 ?????????? (300 ???) ?????. [1] [7] ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????. [1] ???? ????? 20 ??????? 30 ?????????????? (12 ??????? 19 mi) ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? 725 ?????????? (2,379 ???) ?????? ??????. [8]

??????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????. ???? ????? 15 ????? 30 ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? 50 ????? 100 ?????????? ??????. [9] [10] ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????????. [1] ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????. (?????? ??????? 73 ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? 23 ??????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????????. [11] ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????????. [12]

?????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ?????????????????? ???????? (International Hydrographic Organization) ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????????: [13]

???????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? (????????, 1 ° 55'E) ??????? ??????????? ???????? (???????????, 51 ° 10'N) ???????????? ?????? ??? ????. [14]

??????????. ?????????????? ?????? ??????? (3 ° 22'W) ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? (58 ° 47'N) ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (58 ° 55'N) (58 ° 58'N) ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? (3 ° 14'W) ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???? (59'17'N), ?? ???? ???, ) ??????? ???? ???????? (?????? ???????????? ?? ?????) ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? (?????????? ????????? ???? ?????) ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????????.

????????. ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? (1 ° 04'W) ??????? ???? ???? ???, ????????? ???? (60 ° 39'N) ???, ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????????? (??????????? ????????) (60 ° 45'N) Unst ??????, ????????-?????? ???? (60 ° 51'N) ??????, Rumblings SW ?????????? ??????? Muckle Flugga (60 ° 51'N 0 ° 53'W) ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????????????????; ?????? ????????????? ??????, 0 ° 53 '??????' 61 ° 00 '?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????????????.

???? ?? ???? [ ???? ]

????????? ??????? ???????????? [ ???? ]

???? ????????? ?????? ??????? 17 °C (63 °F) ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? 6 °C (43 °F) ?? ?????????. [4] ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? 1988 ??? ??????????? ????? ???????????????. [15] [16] ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? 0?4 °C (32?39 °F) ???? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? 13?18 °C (55?64 °F) ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. [1]

?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? 34 ????? 35 ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????. [4] ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????. [17]

???? ??????? ??????? ?????? [ ???? ]

?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????. [18] ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????. [19] ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????, ??????? ?????, ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????. [20]

??????? [ ???? ]

?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????. ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ????????????? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????????????. ???????????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? (?????? ????) ?????? ??????????????????? ??????????, ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 L.M.A. (1985). "Europe". Encyclopædia Britannica Macropædia (Fifteenth) 18 . Ed. University of Chicago. U.S.A.: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.. 832?835. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-85229-423-9 .  
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ripley, George; Charles Anderson Dana (1883). The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge (Digitized 11 October 2007 by Google Books online) . D. Appleton and company. p. 499 . ????????????? ???? 26 December 2008 .
  3. ↑ Helland-Hansen, Bjørn; Fridtjof Nansen (1909). "IV. The Basin of the Norwegian Sea" . Report on Norwegian Fishery and Marine-Investigations Vol. 11 No. 2 . Geofysisk Institutt. Archived from the original on 14 ????? 2009 . ????????????? ???? 9 January 2009 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "About the North Sea: Key facts" . Safety at Sea project: Norwegian Coastal Administration. 2008. Archived from the original on 9 ???????? 2008 . ????????????? ???? 2 November 2008 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help ) ; Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( help )
  5. ↑ Ray, Alan; G. Carleton; Jerry McCormick-Ray (2004). Coastal-marine Conservation: Science and Policy (Digitized by Google Books online) (illustrated ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 262. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-632-05537-5 . ????????????? ???? 21 January 2009 .
  6. ↑ "Chapter 5: North Sea" (PDF) . Environmental Guidebook on the Enclosed Coastal Seas of the World . International Center for the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 ???????? 2008 . ????????????? ???? 24 November 2008 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )
  7. ↑ Calow, Peter (1999). Blackwell's Concise Encyclopedia of Environmental Management . Blackwell Publishing. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-632-04951-0 . ????????????? ???? 26 December 2008 .
  8. ↑ "Limits in the seas: North Sea continental shelf boundaries" (PDF) . U.S. Department of State . United States Government. 14 June 1974 . ????????????? ???? 17 June 2013 .
  9. ↑ Ostergren, Robert Clifford; John G. Rice (2004). The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment (Digitized by Google Books online) . Bath, UK: Guilford Press. p. 62. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-89862-272-7 . ????????????? ???? 10 January 2009 .
  10. ↑ Dogger Bank . Maptech Online MapServer. 1989?2008. Archived from the original on 11 ???? 2012 . ????????????? ???? 20 July 2007 . {{ cite book }} : Check date values in: |archivedate= ( help )
  11. ↑ Tuckey, James Hingston (1815). Maritime Geography and Statistics ... (Digitized 2 May 2007 by Google Books online) . Black, Parry & Co. p. 445. ??????????? ?????????? ???   9780521311915 . ????????????? ???? 10 January 2009 .
  12. ↑ Bradford, Thomas Gamaliel (1838). Encyclopædia Americana: A Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, History, Politics, and Biography, Brought Down to the Present Time; Including a Copious Collection of Original Articles in American Biography; on the Basis of the Seventh Edition of the German Conversations-lexicon (Digitized 11 October 2007 by Google Books online) . Thomas, Cowperthwait, & co. p. 445. ??????????? ?????????? ???   9780521311915 . ????????????? ???? 10 January 2009 .
  13. ↑ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF) . International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 ???????? 2011 . ????????????? ???? 6 February 2010 .
  14. ↑ The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km (4 mi) east of ??? ( 50°59′06″N 1°55′00″E  /  50.98500°N 1.91667°E  / 50.98500; 1.91667 ), and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret's Bay, Kent ( 51°10′00″N 1°24′00″E  /  51.16667°N 1.40000°E  / 51.16667; 1.40000 ).
  15. ↑ "North Sea cod 'could disappear' even if fishing outlawed" ????????????? 2014-05-31 at the ??????? ????????? Telegraph.co.uk
  16. ↑ "Global Warming Triggers North Sea Temperature Rise" . Agence France-Presse . SpaceDaily.AFP and UPI Wire Stories. 14 November 2006 . ????????????? ???? 1 December 2008 .
  17. ↑ Reddy, M. P. M. (2001). "Annual variation in Surface Salinity". Descriptive Physical Oceanography . Taylor & Francis. p. 114. ??????????? ?????????? ???   90-5410-706-5 . ????????????? ???? 3 December 2008 .
  18. ↑ "Met Office: Flood alert!" . Met office UK government. 28 November 2006. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006 . ????????????? ???? 2 November 2008 .
  19. ↑ "Safety At Sea" . Currents in the North Sea . 2009. Archived from the original on 9 ???????? 2008 . ????????????? ???? 9 January 2009 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )
  20. ↑ Freestone, David; Ton IJlstra (1990). "Physical Properties of Sea Water and their Distribution Annual: Variation in Surface Salinity". The North Sea: Perspectives on Regional Environmental Co-operation . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 66?70. ??????????? ?????????? ???   1-85333-413-8 . ????????????? ???? 3 December 2008 .
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