한국   대만   중국   일본 
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சூலியசு சீசரின் ஒரு பளிங்குச் சிற்பமான துசுகுலும் சிலை
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41°53′31″N 12°29′10″E  /  41.891943°N 12.486246°E  / 41.891943; 12.486246
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????? ??????? ????? ( ???????? : Gaius Julius Caesar ; ???????? : ????? ??????? ?????; 12 ???? 100 ??. ?. ??. ? 15 ?????? 44 ??. ?. ??.) ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????. ???????? ??. ?. ??. 49??? ????????????????? (???????????). ??. ?. ??. 44??? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????.

??. ?. ??. 60??? ?????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ??. ?. ??. 51??? ????? ???????? ??????????????. ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????. ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ??. ?. ??. 53??? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ??. ?. ??. 49??? ???????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????. [2] ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ??. ?. ??. 45??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????????.

????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????. ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ???? ???????????. ??? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ????????. 44??? ??????? ???????????? ???? "???????? ?????????????? ???????????" (??????????? ????????????) ????? ???? ????????? ??????????????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??. ?. ??. 44 ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? (15 ????????) ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????, ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????????????. ???? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????.

????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????????? ???????????????. ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????. [3] ????? ????????? ???????? (?????) ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????; ????? ?????? " ???????? " ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????????. ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????. ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ????????????.

?????? ????????, ????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ???????????. ??. ?. ??. 87??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????????.

????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??. ?. ??. 100??? 12 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????????. [4] ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??. ?. ??. ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ????????. ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????????. [5] ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????. [6]

???????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??. ?. ??. 208??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??. ?. ??. 157??? ????? ???????? ???????. ???????, ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ??. ?. ??. 91 ??????? 90??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ???????. [7] ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ??. ?. ??. 103??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????????????. ??. ?. ??. 92 ??????? 85??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? (????????????? ???? ??????????? ???????) ??? ???? ??????????????????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????. ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??. ?. ??. 91-90??? ????? ????? ??????????????. [8]

?????????? ???? ????????, ?????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??. ?. ??. 54??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??? ??????. ??. ?. ??. 82??? ??????? ?????? ?????????????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????.

??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ??????? ????????????????. [9] ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ( ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????) ???????????????. ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????????????????? ????? ??????????????. ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????. [10] ??. ?. ??. 84??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????. [11] ??. ?. ??. 82??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????????????????. ???????? ??? ??????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????? ????? ??????????????. ???????, ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????. [12] ????? ????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. [13] ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????. "[????????] ?? ????? ???????????" [14] ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????. [15]

??????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????. ????? ????????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????. ????????????? ???????? ( ???????? : ?????? ?????? ) ???? ?????????????. ??. ?. ??. 81??? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????.

????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????????????? ????? ????????. ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????? ????????????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????. [16] [17] ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????????. ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????. ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????????. ???????? ????????????????????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ??. ?. ??. 78??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ????????????. [18] ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????????????? ??????? ????????????????. [19] ???? ???????? ??????????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??????????????. [20]

???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????????. ?????, ??. ?. ??. 77??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????. ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????????. ?????, ??? ???????, ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? (??. ?. ??. 63??? ???????) ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????????. ????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????????. [21] ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????. ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. [22] ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????????. ??????, ?????? ????????????? ???????????????????? ????? ???????????????????. ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???, 50 ???????????? (?????? 1,615 ???? ??????) ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????????. ?????????, ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????. ???????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. [23] ??. ?. ??. 75??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? 74??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????????????? ??????? ???????????????. ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????????. [24]

????????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??. ?. ??. 73??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????. [25] ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????. ???????? ???? ???? ??. ?. ??. 71??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????????????. [26] ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????. ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????. [27] ??????????????? ????????????????, ???????????????????? ???????. [28] ?????? ????? ??. ?. ??. 70??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??????????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. [29]

??. ?. ??. 69??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????????????. ????? ????????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????. ???????, ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????. [30] ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????, ????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. [31] ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????, [32] ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. [33] ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. [34]

????????, ???????????? ???????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????. 70????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????. ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????????. ??. ?. ??. 67??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??. ?. ??. 66??? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ???? ??????????. [35]

??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????, ????? ??. ?. ??. 44. ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????. ????????????? ???? ???????????? ?. ?. ?. ???. ???. ????? ????????????????.

????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??. ?. ??. 65??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????. ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????. [36] ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????. [37] ?????????????? ?????????? ???, ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ?????????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????, ?????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????. [38] ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????. ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????. ???? ??? ????????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????????????. [39]

??. ?. ??. 63??? ????? ??????? (?????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????) ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????. ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????. [40] ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????. ????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ????????????????????????????. ???????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????. [41] ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????????. [42] ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????. [43] ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????. ???? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????. [44]

??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????????????????. ?????,?? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????????. [45] ?????? 40 ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????????????????????? ????? ???????????????????. [46] [47] ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????????????????? ??????? ???????????????. [48] ????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????????. [49]

??????????? [ ???? ]

????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??. ?. ??. 63??? ?????? ????????. ????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????, ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????????. [50] ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ???????????. ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????????????. ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????????. ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????????. [51] ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????????. ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???????, ???? ??????? ????? ???????????. ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????????. [52]

??. ?. ??. 63??? ???????? ?????? . 1889??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????. ????????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????????????. ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????????. ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ????????. ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????-??????????????????? ????????? ?????????????.

??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????. ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????????. [53] ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? 63??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????????. ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? [54] ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????. ?????, ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????????. [55] ???? ???? ????????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????. ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????. [56] ???? ???? (????????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????) ?????????????? ????? ????????????????. ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ????? "?????????????? ???????????????" ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????????. [57] ???????, ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????. [58]

???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????. ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????????. [59]

?????????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????. [60] ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????. [61] ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????. [62] ????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???? ??????????? ????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????. [63] 60??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??????????????? (??????? ????? ?????) ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ????????. [64] ???? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????. ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. [65] ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????. [66]

????? ???? ????????????, ???? ????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??????. ??? ??. ?. ??. 44??? ??????? ??????????-???????? ?????????????? ????????????????. ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????????????. ?????? ????????????????, ??? ???????????? ??????????????. ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????.

??. ?. ??. 59??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????. ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????. [67] ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???????, ????????? ?????? ?????????. ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. [68] [69]

????? ???? ???????? [ ???? ]

????????????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. ??? ???? ?????????? ????? [70] "??????? ?????????" ????? ???????????????????. [71] ??. ?. ??. 60??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????. ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????. [72] ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????: ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????, ???? ??? ????????????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ?????????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????. [73]

??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????. ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????. ???????????? ???????????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ??????????????????????. ??????? ????????? 20 ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ??????. [74] ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????. [75] ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????. ??? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [74] ???????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????. [76] ??? ??? ???????????????????? ?????????. ???? ???????????????? ???????????? ????? (?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????) ??????????????. ????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????. [77] ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????????. ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ????????. [78]

?????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????????????????. [79] ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????. ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????????. [80] ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????. [81] ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????. [82] [83] ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ("??????? ??????? ???????") ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ??????????????: ??. ?. ??. 60??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? "?????? '???????? ???????'" ????? ?????????????. [84] ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????????. ???????, ????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????. [85]

???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????????? ????? ??????????????. [86] ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [87] ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????????. ????????, ????? ????????????? ??????? "??????????????????? ????? ???????? ??????????" ??? ??????????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. [88] [89] ????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????. ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????. [90] ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????. ????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????. [91] ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????????. ?????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????????. ????? ?????????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????. [92]

??????? ?????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??????? ????????????????? ????? ??. ?. ??. 40??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????

???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? (??????????) ??????? ???? ?????????. ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????. ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ??. ?. ??. 58 ????? 52 ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? 10 ????????? ???? ?????????????. [93] ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????????. ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????????? ????? ??????????????. [94] ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ???????????????????, ????????? ???????? ????????????????. ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????. [95]

??. ?. ??. 58??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????. ???????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????, ????????? ??????????????????. ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????????????. [96] ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??. ?. ??.58 ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????. [97] ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????????. [98] ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????. ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????????????. [99] 58-57??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??. ?. ??. 56??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ????????????. ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????????. [100] ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????. [101]

??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ??????: ?????? ?????, ?????: 1899, ????: ?????? ???????????, ?? ????-???-??????, ????????.

???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????????????. [101] ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????. [102] ??? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??. ?. ??. 55 ??????? 54??? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????????? ????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? "?????? ????" ??????? "????? ?????" ????? ??????????????????. [103] ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????????. ??. ?. ??. 54??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????. ???????????? ??? ???????? (3,000-6,000 ????) ??????? ????? ?????????? (??? ????????) ?????? ??????????????? ????????????, ??????????? ???????????????????. [104] ???????, ????????????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ????????? ????????. [105] ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??? ????? ?????????????. ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????????. ?????, ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??. ?. ??. 51??? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????????. [106]

???????, ???? ??????? ????? [ ???? ]

??. ?. ??. 59??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? [107] ??? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ????????? ??. ?. ??. 58??? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????. 58 ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????????. ???????? ???? ????????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????. [108] [109] [110]

??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? 15 ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????. [111] ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????. ??. ?. ??. 54 ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????????????????. ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????, ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????. [112] ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????????. ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????. [113]

??. ?. ??. 57??? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ????????: ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????. [114] ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??. ?. ??. 56??? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. [115] ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ???????; ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??. ?. ??. 54??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??. ?. ??. 55??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????. [116]

??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????, ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????; ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????????. ????? ????? ???? ????????, ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??. ?. ??. 55??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????????. [117] ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. [118] ???????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????. [119] ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????. ???????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????. [120] [121]

??. ?. ??. 55-54??? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????, ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ????????????????????. [122] ??????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???. ?????? 54??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????????. [123] [124] [125] ??. ?. ??. 53??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. [126] ??? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ???????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ??. ?. ??. 52??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? [127] ????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? "10 ???????????????? ????????" ????? ???? 20 ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????. [128] [129]

??????????? ???? [ ???? ]

??????????? ??????? ????????? (??. ?. ??. 27 – ??. ?. 14) ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????. ??. ?. ??. 70 - 60??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????????? ??????.

??. ?. ??. 52 - 49 ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????. [130] ??. ?. ??. 51??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ????????????????? (???? ???????? "?????" ????? ??????????????) 52??? ???????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????. ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. [131] ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????????. [132] ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????. [133] ????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????. [134]

??. ?. ??. 50??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????. [135] ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????. 1 ???????? ??. ?. ??. 50 ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????????. [136] ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????. 370 ???? ??????????, 22 ???? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????, ???? ?????????? ???????????????????. ???????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. [137] ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????. [138] ??. ?. ??. 49??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????????. [139] ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????. [140] 7 ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????. [141]

????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????. ??? ????? ???????? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ????, ????? ????? ???????? ???????, ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ????? ???????????????. [142] [143] ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??????. ????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????????. [144] [145] ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? [146] ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??. ?. ??. 52??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??. ?. ??. 50??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????. [147] ????????? ????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????: ??????????, ????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? (?????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? [148] ) ????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????????. [149]

???????, ??????????? ??????? ????????? [ ???? ]

10 ?????? 11 ????? ??. ?. ??. 49 ???????? [150] [151] ????? ??????? "????? ?????????" [152] ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????????????. ??????? 13 ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ???????????. ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???, ?????? ????????????? ??????????? "????? ????? ??????????????" (??????: ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????) ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????????????????. [153] ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????. [154] ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ????????. ??????????????????? ??????????. ?????, ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????????. [155] ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????????. [156]

?????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ????????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. [157] ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????. ???? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????????. ??????????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????. ????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????. [158] [159] ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ????????????????? ??????????. ???????, ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. [160] ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????, ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????. ??. ?. ??. 48??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. [161] 11 ????????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????. [162] ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ????????. ??. ?. ??. 48??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????. [163]

???????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????????????. ?????, ?????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? 9 ?????? ??. ?. ??. 48 ????? ?????????????. ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????. ???? ??????????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????. [164]

????????????????? ??????, ????? ??????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ??????? ????? , ???? ?????? ?????????? 1866??? ????? ??????
??? ???????????? ??. ?. ??. ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????????, ????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????. ??. ?. ??. 30??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????????. [165] [166]

????????? ??? ?????? ????????????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? 2 ???????? ??. ?. ??. 48 ????? ????? ????? ??????????. ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????-????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????????. [167] ??. ?. ??. 48??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????, ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? [168] 1 ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? [169] ????? ?????????????????.

????????????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ?????, ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????. ??? ????, ????, ???? (??????: "???????, ???????, ????????") ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????. ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????????????. ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. [170]

???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????. ??. ?. ??. 47??? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????. ?????, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????. ??? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????????. ???? ????????????????? ??? ?????????. [171] ?????? ????????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????. ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????. ????????????? ????????? ???????. ????????????????? ?????? ???????. [172]

???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????. ????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????. [173] ??. ?. ??. 47??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????????. ??????, ??. ?. ??. 46??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????????. ???????, ?????? ????????? ????????????. 46??? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????. ??. ?. ??. 47??? ????? ???????? 25 ????? ??????????????????? ????? ????????????. [174] ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????. 4 ????? ??. ?. ??. 46 ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????????????????. ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????. [175] ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ??. ?. ??. 46 ???????? 6 ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ????????. ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????. [176] ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. [177] ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????????. ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??. ?. ??. 46??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????. [178]

??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????: ?????, ???????, ???????? (?????) ??????? ???? (???????????). ??????????????????, ???????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????. [178] ?????????? ???????? ???, ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. [179] ??? ???????? ???????????????? 24,000 ???????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????. ??????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????. [180]

??. ?. ??. 45??? ????? 17 ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????. [181] ????? ???????? ???????????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ????????. [182] ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. [183] ???? ????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???????????????. ????? ??????????? ????? ????????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????????. ?? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. [182] ??. ?. ??. 53??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??. ?. ??. 44??? ????? 18 ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????. [184]

??????? ???? [ ???? ]

????? ?????, ??. ?. ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???. ??????? ??????? ???????????????, ?????????? ??????.

??????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? [ ???? ]

??. ?. ??. 44??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ??. ?. ??. 49??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????????????????????. ????? ?????????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????. 11 ????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????. 1 ????? ????????? ??? ????????. ??. ?. ??. 46??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????. [185] ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????????. [186] ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????. ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????????????. ????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????. [187]

???????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????. [188] ???????????? ????????? ( ??????.  ???????????? ????????????? ) ????? ????????????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????. [189] ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. [190] ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????. [191] ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. [192] [193] ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????????????. [194] ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????. ??????? ???????????????????? ????????????.

?????? ????, ?????? ????, ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????. [195] ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??? ????????. [196]

???????????????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????. ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????????, ??? ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????????, ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????: "???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????" ??????? "???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????... ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????". [186]

??????? ?????????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????????. ????????? ???????? ??????-????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????. [197] ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??? ???? 600???????? 900?? ????????????. ???? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????. ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ??. ?. ??. 2??? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????, ??????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????. [198] ??????????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????. [199] ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????. [200]

???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ????????????. [201] ????? ????????????? ???? 3,20,000???????? ?????? 1,50,000?? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????. [202] ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????????. ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????. [203] ??????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ?????, ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????. ??? ??????????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????. ???? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????. [204] ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????????. ???????? ?????????????? ????????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????. [205]

????????????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????. ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????. ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????????. [ ?????? ???? ] ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????????. [206]

??. ?. ??. 58??? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. [202] ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????, ???????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????????????????? ???? ???? ????????. [207] ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????. [208]

???????, ???????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? (??. ?. ??. 42) ??????. ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????????? ??? ?????? ????????, ?????????? (?????? ???????? ?????) ?????. [209]
??????? ???????? ????????????? 1867??? ????? ??????. ??????: ???? ?????? ?????? , ?????????? ?????: ??????? ?????? .

??. ?. ??. 44??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ( ??????.  ?????? ) ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????, ????? ??????????????? ??????????. [210] ?????????????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????. ????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????????. [211] ??. ?. ??. 44??? ????? 15 ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ????????. [212] ????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????????, ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????????????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????, ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????????. [213]

???????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????. ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????: ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????????????; ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????; ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????. ???? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????. ???????, ??????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????. [214]

????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??. ?. ??. 45??? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????. ????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????? ???? ???????????????? ???? ?????????????. ??. ?. ??. 44??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? 60 ??????????? ?????????. [215] ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. [216] ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????????????? ????? ???????????????. [217] ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? (45??? ??????? ???????), ??????? ????????? (42??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????), ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (???????? ??. ?. ??. 44??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????) ??????? ????????????????. [218] ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????. ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????. [219] ????????????? ?????????????? ??. ?. ??. 43 - 41??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. [220] ??. ?. ??. 44??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????. ???????????????? ??. ?. ??. 43-41??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ??????????????? ????????. ???????? ????????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????. [221] ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????. [222]

??????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. [223] ??. ?. ??. 45??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????, [224] ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????. ????????????? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ????????????????. [225] ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? (??? ???? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????), ???? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????, ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????, ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ????? ??????????????. [226] ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????????. [227] ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ???????, ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????. ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????. [228] ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????. ?????????????????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????????? ????????????????? ?????????. [229]

???????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? 15 ???????? ?????. ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????. [230] ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. 15??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????. [231] ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????????. ???????????????, ??????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????. [232] ????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????????????. ??. ?. ??. 2??? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? 15 ???????? ????????. ????, ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????????. [233]

??. ?. ??. 42??? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? (??????) ?????? ?????. ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????.

?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. [233] [234] ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????. ????????????? ???????? ???, ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? - ?? ?? ????????? ("??????, ????????") ????? ????????. [235] 23 ??????? 35???? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????. [236] [237]

?????????? ????? [ ???? ]

??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???, ??????: ?????? ???????? ??????????, ?????: ??????? 19??? ?????? ?????? 20??? ??????????.

??????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????. ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????????. ????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????????: [238] ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????. [239] ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????????. ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????. ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????. ??? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. [240]

??. ?. ??. 44??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????. ????? ?????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????. ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??. ?. ??. 42??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????. ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????????. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????. [241] ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????: ???????????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????????????. ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????. [242]

??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. [243] ????? ??????? ??. ?. ??. 43??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? (????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ???????????????????) ????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????. [244] ??? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? [245] ????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ????????. 1 ????? ??. ?. ??. 42 ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????????????????? ????? ??????????. [246] ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????????. ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????. [247] ???????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????. [248] ??. ?. ??. 31 ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????. ??? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????????. [249]

????????????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????.

???????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????.

????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???? ??????, ???? ????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????. ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????. ?????: 44?30 ??. ?. ??., ????: ???????? ????-???????????, ??????? ??????????????????.

?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????, [250] ????? ??? ?????????? ????-?? ????????? ????????????????????????????? ????? ??????????????. ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????????. ??. ?. ??. 80????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ????? ?????????????. [251] ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????????????????. [252] [253]

???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????. ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????. [254] [255]

????????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????????: "???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????????". [256] ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????????. ?????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ????? ??????????????. ????????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????. ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????. [257]

??? ???, ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????, ???? ??????? (?????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????), ????????????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???. ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????????????. [258] ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????????. ?????????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????????. [259]

??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? "??? ??????? ????????????, ?????? ?????????????, ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ????????????, ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????" ????? ?????????????. [260]

????? ??????? ????????? [ ???? ]

??????????? [ ???? ]

  • ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  • ???? ???????

????????? [ ???? ]

  • ?????? ??????? ????????
  • ?????? ??????? ???????

???????? [ ???? ]

  • ????? ???????? ???? 83?? ??????????????? ??????????. ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? (???? 68 ?????? 69) ??? ???? ???? ??????????.
  • ????????? ???????? ???? 67?? ????????????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? 61?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????.
  • ????????? ???????? ???? 59?? Calpurnia Pisonis ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????.

?????????? [ ???? ]

  • ??????, ???? 83 ?????? 82?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????.
  • ????????? , ???? 47?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ???? 17?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????.
  • ??????? ????????? - ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????????.
  • ??????? ??????? ?????????

?????????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????

???????? [ ???? ]

??????????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????. ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????.

????????? [ ???? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????

  • ??????? ????? ? ????????? ???????????
  • ????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????????

???? [ ???? ]

?????????? [ ???? ]

???? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????
58 ??. ?. ??. 58 ??. ?. ??. ???? ??????? Arar ????? ??????? . ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????

?

58 ??. ?. ??. 58 ??. ?. ??. Mount Haemus ????????? ??????? ????????, ????, ????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??????

?

58 ??. ?. ??. 58 ??. ?. ??. Vosges ???????? ??????? . ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????

?

57 ??. ?. ??. 57 ??. ?. ??. ??????? ??????? . ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????

?

57 ??. ?. ??. 57 ??. ?. ??. ??????? of the Sabis ????? ??????? . ??????, ???????????, ??????????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????

?

55 ??????? 54 ??. ?. ??. 55 ??????? 54 ??. ?. ??. Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? . ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????

?

54 ??. ?. ??.?53 ??. ?. ??. 54 ??. ?. ??.?53 ??. ?. ??. Ambiorix's revolt ??????????????? ????????? . ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???????? ??????

?

52 ??. ?. ??. 52 ??. ?. ??. Avaricum ??????? . ??????????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????

?

52 ??. ?. ??. 52 ??. ?. ??. ??????? of Gergovia ?????????? ??????? . ???? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????
??????????? 52 ??. ?. ??. ??????? of Alesia ??????? ??????? . ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????-??????-??????, ???????? ?????????? ??????

?

51 ??. ?. ??. 51 ??. ?. ??. ???????? of Uxellodunum ??????????????? ???????? . ???? ???????? ??????, ???????? ??????

?

June?August 49 ??. ?. ??. ??????????? 49 ??. ?. ??. ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? of Ilerda ??????? ??????? ???????????? . ??????? ??????????? , ??????????? ??????

?

10 July 48 ??. ?. ??. 10 ???? 48 ??. ?. ??. ????????????? ??????? (48 ??. ?. ??.) . ???????????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ??????

?

9 August 48 ??. ?. ??. 9 ?????? 48 ??. ?. ??. ???????? ??????? . ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????

?

47 ??. ?. ??. 47 ??. ?. ??. ???? ??????? . ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? , ??????? ??????

?

2 August 47 ??. ?. ??. 2 ?????? 47 ??. ?. ??. ???? ??????? . ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????, ???????? ??????

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4 January 46 ??. ?. ??. 4 ????? 46 ??. ?. ??. ??????? of Ruspina ????????? ??????? . ????????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????

?

6 April 46 ??. ?. ??. 6 ???????? 46 ??. ?. ??. ??????? of Thapsus ??????? ??????? . ????????????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????

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17 March 45 ??. ?. ??. 17 ???????? 45 ??. ?. ??. ??????? of Munda ?????? ??????? . ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????

?

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?.  16
  2. ↑ Keppie, Lawrence (1998). "The approach of civil war". The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire . Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press . p.  102 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-8061-3014-9 .
  3. ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict . ABC-CLIO. p.  68 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-59884-430-6 .
  4. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 16
  5. ↑ Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 32?33.
  6. ↑ Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 35.
  7. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 14; Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 31?32
  8. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 15 dates the land commission to 103 per MRR 3.109; Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 33?34; Broughton 1952 , ?. 22, dating the proconsulship to 91 with praetorship in 92 BC and citing, among others, ??????????:CIL and ??????????:CIL .
  9. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 16.
  10. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 16
  11. ↑ Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 34.
  12. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 16?17, stating Caesar was placed on the lists. Cf, stating Caesar was only summoned for interrogation, Hinard, Francois (1985). Les proscriptions de la Rome republicaine (in ????????). Ecole francaise de Rome. p. 64. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-2-7283-0094-5 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   1006100534 .
  13. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 16?17
  14. ↑ Plut. Caes. , 1.4; Suet. Iul. , 1.3.
  15. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 17
  16. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 17?18.
  17. ↑ Suet. Iul. , 2?3; Plut. Caes. , 2?3; Dio , 43.20.
  18. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 17.
  19. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 18, citing Suet. Iul. , 3.
  20. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 35.
  21. ↑ Alexander 1990 , ?. 71 (Trial 140) noting also that Tac. Dial. , 34.7 wrongly places the trial in 79 BC; Alexander 1990 , ?. 71?72 (Trial 141).
  22. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 18.
  23. ↑ Pelling, C B R (2011). Plutarch: Caesar . Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 139?41. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-814904-0 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   772240772 . Vell. Pat. , 2.42.3 reports that the governor wanted to enslave and sell the pirates but that Caesar returned quickly and had them executed. Pelling believes the second part of Vell. Pat.'s narrative ? along with other sources ( Plut. Caes. , 1.8?2.7; Suet. Iul. , 4) ? are literary embellishment and that the pirates were enslaved and sold.
  24. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 19
  25. ↑ Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 78.
  26. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 19; Broughton 1952 , ?. 114, 125; Vell. Pat. , 2.43.1 (pontificate); Plut. Caes. , 5.1 and Suet. Iul. , 5 (military tribunate).
  27. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 19, citing Suet. Iul. , 5.
  28. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 63.
  29. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 19?20; Broughton 1952 , ?. 126, 128, 130 n. 4
  30. ↑ Badian 2009 , ?. 20; Broughton 1952 , ?. 132. Badian 2009 , ?. 21 cites Suet. Iul. , 6.1 for the incipit of Caesar's eulogy.
  31. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 43.
  32. ↑ Plut. Caes. , 5.2?3.
  33. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 43?46.
  34. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 46
  35. ↑ Gruen 1995 , ?. 79?80.
  36. ↑ Mouritsen, Henrik (2001). Plebs and politics in the late Roman Republic . Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-511-04114-4 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   56761502 . See also Broughton 1952 , ?. 158 and Plut. Caes. , 6.1?4.
  37. ↑ Broughton 1952 , ?. 158.
  38. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 46?47.
  39. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 48?49.
  40. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 64, 64 n. 129
  41. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 64?65
  42. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 66, citing Suet. Iul. , 13; Plut. Caes. , 7.1?4; Dio , 37.37.1?3.
  43. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 67?68.
  44. ↑ Gruen 1995 , ?. 80?81.
  45. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 69 n. 148.
  46. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 71.
  47. ↑ Alexander 1990 , ?. 110
  48. ↑ Gruen 1995 , ?. 80 See also Suet. Iul. , 17.
  49. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 72?77 Gruen 1995 , ?. 429 n. 107 calls the view that Caesar was one of the masterminds of the conspiracy "long... discredited and requires no further refutation".
  50. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 85?86, 90.
  51. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 92. Earlier sources being Cic. Cat. , 4.8?10 and Sall. Cat. , 51.42. Later sources include Plut. Caes. , 7.9 and App. BCiv. , 2.6.
  52. ↑ Gruen 1995 , ?. 281?82.
  53. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 102.
  54. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 102?04.
  55. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 107 Dio reports a senatus consultum ultimum . Broughton 1952 , ?. 173
  56. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 109.
  57. ↑ Plut. Caes. , 10.9.
  58. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 110
  59. ↑ Drogula 2019 , ?. 97?98.
  60. ↑ Broughton 1952 , ?. 173, 180. Most sources give a proconsular dignity. After the Sullan era, all magistrates were prorogued pro consule . Badian, Ernst; Lintott, Andrew (2016). "pro consule, pro praetore" . Oxford Classical Dictionary . Oxford University Press. ?????? ????? ?????? : 10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5337 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-938113-5 .
  61. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 109?10.
  62. ↑ Broughton 1952 , ?. 180.
  63. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 110?11.
  64. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 111.
  65. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 112?13.
  66. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 114; Plut. Caes. , 13; Suet. Iul. , 18.2.
  67. ↑ Gruen 2009 , ?. 28.
  68. ↑ Gruen 2009 , ?. 30?31.
  69. ↑ Gruen 2009 , ?. 28; Broughton 1952 , ?. 158, 173 On credit for the aedilican games, see Suet. Iul. , 10, Dio , 37.8.2, and Plut. Caes. , 5.5.
  70. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 119
  71. ↑ Ridley, R (1999). "What's in the Name: the so-called First Triumvirate" . Arctos: Acta Philological Fennica 33 : 133?44 . https://journal.fi/arctos/article/download/85987/44908 .   The first usage of the term was in 1681.
  72. ↑ Gruen 2009 , ?. 31.
  73. ↑ Gruen 2009 , ?. 31; Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 121?22
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Gruen 2009 , ?. 32.
  75. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 125?29.
  76. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 130, 132.
  77. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 138.
  78. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 139?40.
  79. ↑ Wiseman 1994 , ?. 372.
  80. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 143 (Bibulus), 147 (dating to May).
  81. ↑ Wiseman 1994 , ?. 374.
  82. ↑ Drogula 2019 , ?. 137.
  83. ↑ Gruen 2009 , ?. 33, noting that the lex Vatinia was "no means unprecedented... or even controversial".
  84. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 175, citing Balsdon, J P V D (1939). "Consular provinces under the late Republic ? II. Caesar's Gallic command" . Journal of Roman Studies 29 : 167?83. doi : 10.2307/297143 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0075-4358 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/297143 .   Moreover, Caesar's eventual provinces of Trans- and Cisalpine Gaul had been assigned to the consuls of 60 and therefore would have been unavailable. Rafferty, David (2017). "Cisalpine Gaul as a consular province in the late Republic" . Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte 66 (2): 147?172. doi : 10.25162/historia-2017-0008 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0018-2311 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019257 .  
  85. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , pp. 176?77; Gruen 2009 , p. 34.
  86. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 143: Dio , 38.6.5 and Suet. Iul. , 20.1 say around late January; Plut. Pomp. , 48.5 says in early May; Vell. Pat. , 2.44.5 says May.
  87. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 142?44.
  88. ↑ Gruen 2009 , ?. 34
  89. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 150?51
  90. ↑ Gruen 2009 , ?. 34.
  91. ↑ Drogula 2019 , ?. 138?39, noting Cato's support of Caesar's anti-corruption bill and the possibility that Cato gave input for some of its provisions.
  92. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 182?83, 182 n. 260, citing Suet. Iul. , 23.1; pace Ramsey 2009 , ?. 38.
  93. ↑ Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 186?87.
  94. ↑ Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 188?89.
  95. ↑ Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 189?90.
  96. ↑ Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 204.
  97. ↑ Goldsworthy 2006 , ?. 205, 208?10.
  98. ↑ Goldsworthy 2016 , ?. 212?15.
  99. ↑ Goldsworthy 2016 , ?. 217.
  100. ↑ Goldsworthy 2016 , ?. 220.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Boatwright 2004 , ?. 242.
  102. ↑ Goldsworthy 2016 , ?. 203.
  103. ↑ Goldsworthy 2016 , pp. 221?22; Boatwright 2004 , p. 242.
  104. ↑ Goldsworthy 2016 , ?. 222.
  105. ↑ Goldsworthy 2016 , ?. 223.
  106. ↑ Goldsworthy 2016 , pp. 229?32, 233?38; Boatwright 2004 , p. 242.
  107. ↑ Gruen 1995 , ?. 98
  108. ↑ Ramsey 2009 , ?. 37?38.
  109. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 194
  110. ↑ Ramsey 2009 , ?. 39.
  111. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 220
  112. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , pp. 196, 220; Ramsey 2009 , pp. 39?40.
  113. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 220?21.
  114. ↑ Ramsey 2009 , ?. 39?40.
  115. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 229.
  116. ↑ Ramsey 2009 , pp. 41?42; Morstein-Marx 2021 , p. 232.
  117. ↑ Ramsey 2009 , p. 43; Morstein-Marx 2021 , pp. 232?33.
  118. ↑ Ramsey 2009 , p. 44; Morstein-Marx 2021 , pp. 232?33.
  119. ↑ Gruen 1995 , ?. 451.
  120. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 238, citing Cic. Sest. , 51, "hardly anyone has lost popularity among the citizens for winning wars".
  121. ↑ Ramsey 2009 , ?. 44.
  122. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 241ff
  123. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 272 n. 42
  124. ↑ Ramsey 2009 , ?. 46
  125. ↑ Gruen 1995 , ?. 451?52, 453
  126. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 243?44.
  127. ↑ Ramsey, J T (2016). "How and why was Pompey made sole consul in 52 BC?" . Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte 65 (3): 298?324. doi : 10.25162/historia-2016-0017 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0018-2311 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019234 .  
  128. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 247?48, 260, 265?66.
  129. ↑ Wiseman 1994 , ?. 412.
  130. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 258. See also Appendix 4 in the same book, analysing the conflict between Caesar and Pompey in terms of a ???????? ???????? .
  131. ↑ Wiseman 1994 , ?. 414
  132. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , p. 270; Drogula 2019 , p. 223.
  133. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 273.
  134. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 272, 276, 295 (identities of Cato's allies).
  135. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 291.
  136. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 292?93.
  137. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 297.
  138. ↑ Wiseman 1994 , ?. 412?22
  139. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 304.
  140. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 306.
  141. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 308.
  142. ↑ Boatwright 2004 , p. 247; Meier 1995 , pp. 1, 4; Mackay 2009 , pp. 279?81; Wiseman 1994 , p. 419.
  143. ↑ Ehrhardt, C T H R (1995). "Crossing the Rubicon" . Antichthon 29 : 30?41. doi : 10.1017/S0066477400000927 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0066-4774 . https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antichthon/article/abs/crossing-the-rubicon/80ABC3DF2369F0E3035A2B68FF6B23F1 . ??????? ????: 26 April 2022 . "Everyone knows that Caesar crossed the Rubicon because [he would have been...] put on trial, found guilty and have his political career ended... Yet over thirty years ago, Shackleton Bailey, in less than two pages of his introduction to Cicero's Letters to Atticus , destroyed the basis for this belief, and... no one has been able to rebuild it.".  
  144. ↑ Morstein-Marx, Robert (2007). "Caesar's alleged fear of prosecution and his "ratio absentis" in the approach to the civil war". Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte 56 (2): 159?78. doi : 10.25162/historia-2007-0013 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0018-2311 .  
  145. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 262?63, explaining:
    • Any prosecution was extremely unlikely to succeed.
    • No contemporary source expresses dissatisfaction with an inability to prosecute.
    • No timely charges could have been brought. The possibility of conviction for irregularities during his consulship in 59 was a fantasy when none of Caesar's actions in 59 were overturned. Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 624.
    • Caesar proposed giving up his command ? opening himself up to prosecution ? in January 49 BC as part of peace negotiations, something he would not have proposed if he were worried about a sure-fire conviction.
    See also Morstein-Marx 2021 , Appendix 2, and, contra Morstein-Marx, Girardet, Klaus Martin (2020). Januar 49 v. Chr.: Vorgeschichte, Rechtslage, politische Aspekte (in ???????). Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. ?????? ????? ?????? : 10.22028/d291-30177 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-3-7749-4068-0 .
  146. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 247 n. 234, citing Suet. Iul. , 26.1; Plut. Pomp. , 56.1?3.
  147. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 288
  148. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 309.
  149. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 320.
  150. ↑ Beard, Mary (2016). SPQR: a history of ancient Rome . W W Norton. p.  286 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-84668-381-7 . The exact date is unknown.
  151. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 322.
  152. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 331.
  153. ↑ Boatwright 2004 , ?. 246, citing Plut. Caes. , 32.8. Rawson 1994a , ?. 424
  154. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 336.
  155. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 340 (Caesar's pause), 342 (Caesar's offer), 343 (Pompey's counter-offer), 345 (negotiations collapse).
  156. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 347.
  157. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 424?25, 427
  158. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 430
  159. ↑ Boatwright 2004 , ?. 252.
  160. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 431
  161. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 431
  162. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 309
  163. ↑ Rawson 1994a , p. 432; Boatwright 2004 , p. 252.
  164. ↑ Rawson 1994a , p. 433; Boatwright 2004 , pp. 252?53; Plut. Caes. , 42?45.
  165. ↑ Roller, Duane W (2010). Cleopatra: a biography . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 175. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-536553-5 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   405105996 .
  166. ↑ Walker, Susan (2008). "Cleopatra in Pompeii?". Papers of the British School at Rome 76 : 35?46. doi : 10.1017/S0068246200000404 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 2045-239X .  
  167. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 433?34 Boatwright 2004 .
  168. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 435
  169. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 309, citing Plut. Caes. , 51.1 and Dio , 42.17.1?22.2.
  170. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 434, citing Plut. Caes. , 50.2 and Suet. Iul. , 35.2, 37.2.
  171. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 435
  172. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 435
  173. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 435 n. 58, citing Suet. Iul. , 70.
  174. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 435.
  175. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 435?36.
  176. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 436; see also Plut. Caes. , 52?54.
  177. ↑ Rawson 1994a , p. 436; Boatwright 2004 , p. 253.
  178. ↑ 178.0 178.1 Rawson 1994a , ?. 436.
  179. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 436
  180. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 436?37.
  181. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 436
  182. ↑ 182.0 182.1 Rawson 1994a , ?. 437.
  183. ↑ Rawson 1994a , ?. 436
  184. ↑ Rawson 1994a , pp. 437?38; Boatwright 2004 , pp. 253?54.
  185. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 309.
  186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 Badian 2012 .
  187. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 311?13. "In the view of the ancient historians and biographers self-tasked with assessing Caesar's rule, his dictatorships, and indeed his consulships... were incidental to the authority he possessed on account of being himself".
  188. ↑ See Wilson 2021 , ?. 313 n. 46. Meier 1995 , ?. 474?75.
  189. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 314.
  190. ↑ Lintott 1999 , ?. 21; eg Livy (1905) (in ?????? ????). Wikisource link to  From the Founding of the City . Wikisource . 31.5?7.  
  191. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 314?15.
  192. ↑ Titus Quinctius Flamininus was the first Roman to appear on coinage, specifically on a stater minted after the Second Macedonian War . Caesar was the first portrait of a living Roman on coins meant to circulate in Rome. Sellars, Ian J (2013). The monetary system of the Romans . p. 33. Though technically not the first living Roman to appear on coinage... Caesar was the first to appear on the coins of Rome.
  193. ↑ West, R (2005). "The chronological development of Roman provincial coin iconography". In Howgego, Christopher; et al. (eds.). Coinage and identity in the Roman provinces . Oxford University Press. p. 44. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-19-926526-7 . As far as the Roman republican coinage is concerned, a major change occurred when Caesar became the first living Roman to have his portrait depicted on Roman coins.
  194. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 473?74.
  195. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 448. "He acted as he saw fit. Others had no right even to be informed of his intentions... Rome still had a Senate and magistrates, but they were not free in their decision-making... in all matters the decisive authority lay with Caesar alone".
  196. ↑ Badian 2012 ; Meier 1995 , pp. 447?48.
  197. ↑ Wilson 2021 , p. 318; Badian 2012 ; Meier 1995 , p. 447.
  198. ↑ Badian 2012 for administration and colonial activity. Wilson 2021 , ?. 318 Meier 1995 , ?. 464 notes "such a large membership [in the Senate] would certainly make the house incapable of functioning properly, but it enabled Caesar to show favour to many".
  199. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 464.
  200. ↑ Wilson 2021 , p. 318; Lintott 1999 , p. 160.
  201. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 318.
  202. ↑ 202.0 202.1 Meier 1995 , ?. 447.
  203. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 319, 321.
  204. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 319.
  205. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 321?22.
  206. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 447?49.
  207. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 462.
  208. ↑ Wilson 2021 , ?. 322 n. 92 on favours for clients. Wilson 2021 , ?. 322 n. 94, noting Suet. Iul. , 54.1?3 reporting on Caesar looting and extorting client states and Dio , 42.49?50, 43.24 on Caesar's forced loans to pay soldiers.
  209. ↑ Crawford, Michael Hewson (1974). Roman republican coinage . Cambridge University Press. p. 514. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-07492-6 .
  210. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 476.
  211. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , p. 522 (noting attempts to restore the tribunes to office after Caesar's death); Tempest 2017 , p. 81.
  212. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 474, 476.
  213. ↑ Badian, Ernst (1990). "Review of "Caesar"". Gnomon 62 (1): 35. ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0017-1417 . "At this point, some time in early February 44, no one could persuade himself that the res publica would ever be restored as long as Caesar lived.".  
  214. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 476?77.
  215. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 479.
  216. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 561?62.
  217. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 556.
  218. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 480.
  219. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 556, noting Basilus and Cimber as praetors in 45 and Casca as plebeian tribune in 44 or 43..
  220. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 560.
  221. ↑ Tempest 2017 , p. 93; Meier 1995 , p. 465 ("their dignity would have been spurious"); Morstein-Marx 2021 , pp. 547?48, 549?50 (" honores obtained as a personal favour rather than by a judgment of the People were in fact no 'honour' at all").
  222. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 553.
  223. ↑ Tempest 2017 , p. 41; Meier 1995 , pp. 480?81.
  224. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 524?25 gives a number of examples:
    • Plut. Brut. , 9.6: "If only you lived now, Brutus", on the Capitoline statue of Lucius Brutus.
    • Suet. Iul. , 80.3: "If only you [Lucius Brutus] were alive".
    • App. BCiv. , 2.112: "[Lucius Brutus,] your descendants are unworthy of you", challenging Marcus Brutus to act.
    • Suet. Iul. , 80.3: "Brutus became the first consul, since he had expelled the kings; This man [Caesar] at last became king, since he had expelled the consuls", on a statue of Caesar.
    • Plut. Brut. , 9.7; Plut. Caes. , 62.7; App. BCiv. , 2.112; Dio , 44.12.3: graffiti at Marcus Brutus' praetorian seat in the forum challenging him as asleep, corrupt, or not a true descendant of the Lucius Brutus who founded the republic.
  225. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , pp. 523, 526?27, 528 (calling the belief in modern scholarship that Caesar remained "the darling of the People" unsupported by the evidence and "infantilising"); Tempest 2017 , pp. 86?87.
  226. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 528 (debts), 529 (lethal force, corn dole, collegia ), 530 (juries, elections).
  227. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 548 (the two candidates for the consulship of 43 BC were the only two men allowed to stand), 550.
  228. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 318, 573?75.
  229. ↑ Tempest 2017 , ?. 95?99.
  230. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 485.
  231. ↑ Morstein-Marx 2021 , ?. 563.
  232. ↑ Tempest 2017 , ?. 99?100.
  233. ↑ 233.0 233.1 Tempest 2017 , ?. 100.
  234. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 485?86, noting three: Caesar felt unwell and had to be persuaded by a conspirator to attend the Senate; one Artemidorus of Knidos gave Caesar a scroll informing on the conspiracy; the augur Spurinna allegedly prophesied misfortune for Caesar on the Ides.
  235. ↑ Tempest 2017 , ?. 101?3, citing Suet. Iul. , 81?82.
  236. ↑ Tempest 2017 , p. 3?4, 261 n. 1; Meier 1995 , p. 486 (reporting 23 wounds).
  237. ↑ Tempest 2017 , ?. 261 n. 1 cites all ancient accounts: Nic. Dam., 58?106; Plut. Caes. , 60?68; Plut. Brut. , 8?20; Suet. Iul. , 76?85; App. BCiv. , 2.106?147; Dio , 44.9?19.
  238. ↑ Mackay 2009 , ?. 316.
  239. ↑ Rawson 1994b , ?. 469
  240. ↑ Rawson 1994b , ?. 470.
  241. ↑ Richardson, L (1992). "Iulius, Divus, Aedes". A new topographical dictionary of ancient Rome . Johns Hopkins University Press. 213?14. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-8018-4300-6 .  
  242. ↑ Mackay 2009 , pp. 318?19; Rawson 1994b , p. 471.
  243. ↑ Mackay 2009 , ?. 315?16.
  244. ↑ Boatwright 2004 , ?. 270?72.
  245. ↑ Mackay 2009 , ?. 332.
  246. ↑ Mackay 2009 , ?. 334
  247. ↑ Boatwright 2004 , ?. 273.
  248. ↑ Mackay 2009 , p. 335; Boatwright 2004 , p. 274.
  249. ↑ Meier 1995 , ?. 494, 496.
  250. ↑ Plut. Caes. , 17, 45, 60; Suet. Iul. , 45.
  251. ↑ Ridley, Ronald T. (2000). "The Dictator's Mistake: Caesar's Escape from Sulla" . Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte 49 (2): 211?29. ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0018-2311 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436576 .   Ridley cites:
  252. ↑ Bruschi, Fabrizio (2011). "Was Julius Caesar's epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis?" . Trends in Parasitology 27 (9): 373?74. doi : 10.1016/j.pt.2011.06.001 . ??????? : 21757405 . https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1471492211001139 .  
  253. ↑ McLachlan, Richard S (2010). "Julius Caesar's late onset epilepsy: a case of historic proportions". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 37 (5): 557?561. doi : 10.1017/S0317167100010696 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0317-1671 . ??????? : 21059498 .  
  254. ↑ Hughes, John R (2004). "Dictator perpetuus: Julius Caesar ? Did he have seizures? If so, what was the etiology?" . Epilepsy & Behavior 5 (5): 756?64. doi : 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.05.006 . ??????? : 15380131 . https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S152550500400160X .  
  255. ↑ Gomez, J G (1995). "Was Julius Caesar's epilepsy due to a brain tumor?" . Journal of the Florida Medical Association 82 (3): 199?201. ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0015-4148 . ??????? : 7738524 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7738524 .  
  256. ↑ William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar I.ii.209.
  257. ↑ Paterson 2009 , ?.  130 .
  258. ↑ Pliny, Natural History , vii.181
  259. ↑ Galassi, Francesco M.; Ashrafian, Hutan (2015). "Has the diagnosis of a stroke been overlooked in the symptoms of Julius Caesar?" . Neurological Sciences 36 (8): 1521?22. doi : 10.1007/s10072-015-2191-4 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 1590-3478 . ??????? : 25820216 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25820216 .  
  260. ↑ Suet. Iul. , 45. excelsa statura, colore candido, teretibus membris, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque oculis .

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