????????
(Methane)
?????? CH
4
????
??????????? ??????????
????? ???
?????????
???????????. ??? ????????, ?????????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????.
???????
??? ??????? ??????
??????
?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ????? ??????????? 14 ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????. ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????.
???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????
[1]
. ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????.
??????
[
????
]
1776 ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????????. ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????. ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????
[2]
. ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????
[3]
. ???? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????
[3]
.
1866 ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????.
?????????? ??????????
[
????
]
???????? ?????? ?????? ????? C-H ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ??????? ??????? ???? 2s ?????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? 2p ?????????????? ??????????????????. ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????.??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????????.
??? ?????????
??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????
[4]
. ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????-?????????? ????? ?????????????????. ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????164 °????????? ??????????????? .
[5]
. ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? 5.4-17 ??????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????.
??? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????
[6]
.????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ????????? Fm3m ????????????? ???????????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????
[7]
.
???? ???????
[
????
]
??????, ??????????, ??????? ??????? ??????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????. ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????????. ????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????
[8]
.
?????? ????
[
????
]
?????????? ?????? ??????? 55.5 ??.??/??.??. ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????????.
CH
4
+ 2 O
2
→ CO
2
+ 2 H
2
O (ΔH = ?891 ????J/????)
?? ?????????????
???????? ??? ???????????? ????????????????????.
??????????
[
????
]
???? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????.
X
2
+ UV → 2 X?
X? + CH
4
→ HX + CH
3
?
CH
3
? + X
2
→ CH
3
X + X?
????? X ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????.
????????
(F),
????????
(Cl),
????????
(Br), ??????
???????
(I) ?????? ???? ????????????. ???????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????????.
?????????? ?????
[
????
]
???????????
[
????
]
- ↑
Khalil, M. A. K. (1999). "Non-Co2 Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere".
Annual Review of Energy and the Environment
24
: 645?661.
doi
:
10.1146/annurev.energy.24.1.645
.
- ↑
Volta, Alessandro (1777)
Lettere del Signor Don Alessandro Volta ... Sull' Aria Inflammable Nativa Delle Paludi
[Letters of Signor Don Alessandro Volta ... on the flammable native air of the marshes], Milan, Italy: Giuseppe Marelli.
- ↑
3.0
3.1
"Methane"
. BookRags
. ????????????? ????
January 26,
2012
.
- ↑
Hensher, David A.; Button, Kenneth J. (2003).
Handbook of transport and the environment
. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 168.
??????????? ?????????? ???
0-08-044103-3
.
- ↑
Methane Phase change data
. NIST Chemistry Webbook.
- ↑
Bini, R.; Pratesi, G. (1997). "High-pressure infrared study of solid methane: Phase diagram up to 30 GPa".
Physical Review B
55
(22): 14800?14809.
doi
:
10.1103/physrevb.55.14800
.
- ↑
Wendelin Himmelheber.
"Crystal structures"
. Archived from
the original
on ?????? 9, 2016
. ????????????? ???? ???? 13, 2016
.
- ↑
Baik, Mu-Hyun; Newcomb, Martin; Friesner, Richard A.; Lippard, Stephen J. (2003). "Mechanistic Studies on the Hydroxylation of Methane by Methane Monooxygenase".
Chemical Reviews
103
(6): 2385?419.
doi
:
10.1021/cr950244f
.
???????
:
12797835
.
??? ??????????
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????
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