Euteleostomi
??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ????
?????????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????? ????
???? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????
????
(
?????? ????
:
Cattle
) ??????
???
(???????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????) (
Bos taurus
)
????????
???????? ??????? ???
???????
. ??????????
????
?? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????
??????
???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????????.
????????
??????????????
??? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????.
???????????????
???????????
, ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??????????? ??????? ???????? 300 ????????? ??????? ?????.
[1]
???????
[
????
]
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????, ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????????
?????
?????? ???????????? ??????????. ?, ???, ???, ??, ???????????, ?????, ????, ?????, ????, ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????
?????? ???????
???????????????.
[2]
???????
[
????
]
??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????: ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? (Bos taurus) ??????????, ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? (???????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????). ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????????
????????? ????
(????????????
zebu
) ??????????. ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? (aurochs) ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????. ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????. ??????????, ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????. ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????
Bos primigenius taurus
,
Bos primigenius indicus
,
Bos primigenius primigenius
???????????????????.
?????????? ???????? ???????
[
????
]
???????????????
???????????
(??????????? ???????), ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????.
???????????
[
????
]
?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
[
?????? ????
]
?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????.
[
?????? ????
]
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????. ????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????????? 3 ???? ???????? ??????.
???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????.
???????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????.
???? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????????????. ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????????????????. ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????????.
???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? (????????? ??????????) ??????????.
??? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????????. ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????????.
??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????
[
????
]
???????????
[
????
]
?????? ??????? ????????
[
????
]
???????? ???? ????????
[
????
]
????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????????????
2012 ???
[4]
| ???????
|
???????
|
???????????
(?????????
???????
)
|
| 1
|
?????? ???? ???????
|
90,865,000
|
| 2
|
???????
|
54,000,000
|
| 3
|
????????
|
32,304,421
|
| 4
|
???????
|
31,576,047
|
| 5
|
???????
|
30,506,929
|
| 6
|
????????
|
23,983,196
|
| 7
|
????????????
|
20,053,000
|
| 8
|
????????
|
15,977,837
|
| 9
|
?????? ??????????
|
13,884,000
|
2010?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????????????
[5]
| ???????
|
???????????
(?????????
???????
)
|
?????? ?????????
|
87,446,130
|
|
???????
|
50,300,000
|
????
|
36,036,086
|
|
???????
|
31,895,100
|
|
????????
|
31,667,600
|
|
???????
|
29,628,900
|
|
????????
|
23,301,200
|
|
????????????
|
17,010,500
|
|
?????? ??????????
|
13,960,000
|
|
????????
|
12,480,100
|
| ????? ?????????
|
599,438,003
|
???????? ????
[
????
]
??? ???????? ???? 1.3 ????????? ?????. ????????? ??????????? 2009 ??? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????.
[6]
2003 ???,
????????
?????????? 231 ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????????, ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????????, ????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ??? "????????????" ???????? ???????????.
[7]
???????? ????
| ????
|
???????? ????
|
| ???????
|
285,000,000 (By 2003)
[8]
|
| ????????
|
187,087,000
|
| ????
|
139,721,000
|
| ?????? ?????????
|
96,669,000
|
| ???????? ????????
|
87,650,000
|
| ???????????
|
51,062,000
|
| ??????????
|
38,300,000
|
| ?????????????
|
29,202,000
|
| ????????
|
26,489,000
|
| ???? ???????????
|
18,370,000
|
| ???? ?????????
|
14,187,000
|
| ????
|
13,945,000
|
| ??????
|
49,756,000
|
????????
[
????
]
- ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????.
- ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? (??????-??????) ????? ???????????????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????????????.
[9]
??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????????????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???,
??????
??????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????.
????
??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????,
???? ?????????????
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????.
??? ??????
[
????
]
??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? 26 ??? ?????????? ??????????????. ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????.
???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????.
- ????????
- ??????
- ????
- ???????????
- ???? ??????
??????
[
????
]
??? ????????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ????????????, ?????????????????? ??????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????. ???????????? ???????????? ????????. ????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????. ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????. ??? ???? ????????? 5443 ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????.
????
[
????
]
???????????, ?????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????????????. ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????. ????????? ??? ????????? ????????, ???????, ????????????, ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? ??? ?????????, ???? ?????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ????? ????????????????, ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? 3715 ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????????.
?????????
[
????
]
???????? ???? ????????? ?????
??? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????. ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ???????? 6?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????????. ?????? 1.5 ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? 5? ????????????? ???????????????. 2?11 FAO???? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? 85 ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????????.
???????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????. ???? ????????? ???????, ????, ????????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????. 197???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ??? ????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????????.
1?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????
[
????
]
| ???????
|
???????
|
| ???????
|
87.8 ??????
|
| ???????????
|
3.2 ??????
|
| ????????
|
3.9 ??????
|
| ---- ??????? ???????? ??????
|
2.4 ??????
|
| ---- ???????? ???????? ?????? (Mono)
|
1.1 ??????
|
| --- ???????? ???????? ?????? (Poly)
|
0.1 ??????
|
| ???????????????
|
4.8 ??????
|
| ??????????
|
14 ????????????
|
| ?????????????????
|
120 ????????????
|
| ????????
|
66 ?????????
|
???? ???????? ??????????
[
????
]
| ????
|
????? ??????????
|
| ??????
|
5.2
|
| ????
|
4.7
|
| ?????? ??????
|
4.0
|
| ??????????-????????????
|
3.6
|
????? ????????????? ???
[
????
]
??? ???????
[
????
]
- ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????.
[10]
1966 ??? ??????? ???????????? ????
[
????
]
- ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ???????? 1966 ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????.
[10]
??????????? ?????????? ???????????
[
????
]
??????????
[
????
]
??? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???.??.????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ????????, ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????.
[10]
?????? ????????? ?????????
[
????
]
?????? ??????????? 2012 ??? ????? ????? ???? ????
?????????
?????? ???????????. (?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????.)
[11]
???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????-????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? 10,000 ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ????????? 60 ??????????? 250 ????????????, ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????????, ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????.
[12]
[13]
????????????
[
????
]
?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????????, ????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????.?????????????? ????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????????.
[14]
????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????
[
????
]
??????????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????. ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? 2013 ???? 9 ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????.
[15]
??????????
[
????
]
- 1948 ??? ????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ???????
????????? ????
?????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????.
[10]
????????? ????????
[
????
]
???????????
[
????
]
- ↑
"Fun Cow Facts for Kids".
science kids
.
- ↑
??????? ?. ?????????, ?????????? ????? ?????????, ???????,
???????
?????? ????, ?????? 14 29. ?????. 2022
- ↑
?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????: ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????
?? ????? ????? 30 ????? 2016
- ↑
"Milk, whole fresh cow producers"
.
UN Food & Agriculture Organization
. ????????????? ????
18 February
2014
.
- ↑
Food and Agricultural commodities production ? Cow milk, whole, fresh
, FAOSTAT, Food And Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. faostat.fao.org. Retrieved on 1 August 2012.
- ↑
[1]
?????????????
2010-09-19 at the
??????? ?????????
??????????:Toter Link
- ↑
"???????????????????? ????"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2013-10-15
. ????????????? ????
2014-02-28
.
- ↑
"80 Questions to Understand India", by Murad Ali Baig, 2011, p. 172
- ↑
http://www.wired.com/2009/03/magneticcows/
- ↑
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
??????? ???????; 5.10.2012; "??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????..!" ???????
- ↑
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Abattoir-spills-1000-litres-blood-into-canal/articleshow/45029132.cms
- ↑
http://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=380852&Print=1
- ↑
??????? ???????; 30.03.2012
- ↑
??????? ???????; 6.9.2013;
- ↑
?????????????? ??????; ????????; 2014; ?????? 35; ’??????? ????? ?????????????’ ??????? (?????? m.deccanherald.com)
???? ??????????
[
????
]
?????? ???????
[
????
]
??????????? ????