.

??????? ( Mamluk ) ( ???? : ????? maml?k (?????), ?????? mam?l?k (?????), ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????, ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????????. ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????????, ????????????? ????? , ?? ??????? , ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????:

• ?????????? ?????? (977?1186)
• ????????? ??????? (1077?1231)
• ?????????? ???? (??????) - 1206 - 1290
• ????????? ??????? ?????????? (1250?1517)
  • ??????? ?????? (1250?1382)
  • ?????? ?????? (1382?1517)

???????? ?????? , ???????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????. ^[1] ??????? , ????? , ???????? , ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????.

????????????? [ ???? ]

• 
  ??????? ??????? ????, 1779
• 
  ??????? ??????????? ?????, 1810
• 
  ???????? ???????, ????????????? ????????????
• 
  ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????
• 
  ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????

???????? ????? [ ???? ]

• ??????? ??????

??????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????? [ ???? ]

• Janet L. Abu-Lughod (1 February 1991). Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250?1350 . Oxford University Press US. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-506774-3 .
• A. Allouche: Mamluk Economics: A Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi's Ighathat. Salt Lake City, 1994
• Reuven Amitai-Preiss (1995). Mongols and Mamluks: the Mamluk-?lkh?nid War, 1260?1281 . Cambridge University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-46226-6 . ????????????? ???? 20 June 2011 . ^{[ ??????????? ??????? ]}
• Matthew Gordon, "The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (200-275 Ah/815-889 Ce)", SUNY Press, 2001.
• Ulrich Haarmann: Das Herrschaftssystem der Mamluken , in: Halm / Haarmann (eds.): Geschichte der arabischen Welt . C.H. Beck (2004), ??????????? ?????????? ??? 3-406-47486-1
• E. de la Vaissiere, Samarcande et Samarra. Elites d'Asie centrale dans l'empire Abbasside , Peeters, 2007 Peeters-leuven.be ????????????? 2019-08-16 at the ??????? ????????? (????????)
• James Waterson, "The Mamluks" ( History Today March 2006)
• Thomas Philipp, Ulrich Haarmann (1998). The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society, Pg 1?101 . Cambridge University Press.
• Stephan Conermann, Gul ?en (eds.) (2017). The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition. Continuity and Change in Egypt and Bil?d al-Sh?m in the Sixteenth Century . Bonn University Press at V&R unipress. Archived from the original on 2018-02-10 . ????????????? ???? 2019-01-15 . {{ cite book }} : |author= has generic name ( help )

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ???????????? ,
Mamluks
???????? ???????? ?????.

• Mamluk Studies Resources from the Chicago Online Bibliography of Mamluk Studies and The Chicago Online Encyclopedia of Mamluk Studies Review at the University of Chicago
• The Mamluks at BBC's In Our Time
• Qur'an Carpet Page; al-Fatihah from a 14th-century Mamluk Qur'an at the World Digital Library